STATIC RELAYS

Introduction
• Comparison or measurements done by static
circuit
• D.c polarised relay used as slave relay
– Does not perform comparison or measurements
– Closes contacts
• Thyristors used to replace electromagnetic
slave relay
 Reasons for developments in static
relays
• Better performance and characteristics
• Greater standardization in manufacture
• Easier in manufacture and reduction in
maintenance time
 Advantages of static relays
• Impose low burden on CTs and PTs which in turn
reduces the VA rating requirement and the size
and cost of C.Ts and P.Ts
• With low VA rating ,voltage levels kept at low
values ,preventing CT core saturation thus
improving accuracy of CT and PT.
• No moving parts, thus eliminating problems like
contact erosion,contact bounce,vibration and
shocks,dryness in contact,spring restraint and
arcing.
 Contd….
• Due to absence of moving parts friction ,static
relays also increases the precision level of their
characteristics.
• The amplification facility imparts greater
sensitivity.
• Compact size of static relays .
• Greater flexibility due to the ability to filter
harmonics,differentiation,integration,and sensing
of negative phase sequence component of
current and voltage.
 Contd…
• Low resetting time for facilitating the rapid
automatic reclosing of circuit breakers, which
helps to achieve proper selectivity.
• Provide high drop-off to pick –up ratio, low
resistance over reach and low overshoot.
 Limitation of static relays
• Over voltage surges cause the malfunctioning of
the static relay.
• High voltages damage the electronic
components.
• Changes in temperature adversely affect the
functioning of the relay.
• Reliability of relays depends on the reliability of
discrete electronic components .
• Auxiliary power supply required for functioning
Comparison of burdens of static and
electromechanical relays
Block Diagram of Static Relay
Basic block diagram of static relays
 1.Converter element
• Matching transformer to obtain required
signal
• More than one signal inputs
• Measured value fed to harmonic filter
• Eliminate ripples
Voltage comparison
Current comparison
Voltage comparison
 2.Measuring element
• Analog binary signal converter with measuring
functions
• Schmitt trigger circuit
• Extremely fast D.C polarized relay
• Acts as a level detector
• Transistor common emitter connection with
high input resistance and large current gain
• Output –step output
Measuring element
 3. Output element
• Amplifies output signal from measuring
element ,multiplies it.
• Introduces delay if required
• Binary signals processed
• Gives separation between controlling and
controlled circuits
• Bistable or monostable multivibrators
 4. Feed element
• Supply power necessary for circuits
• Built in auxiliary supply or station battery
• Supply stabilized voltage to static circuits
 Characteristic functions of protective
relays
1.Summation
• A static equipment like summation
transformer and sequence networks used for
combine a number of electrical quantities to
single one
2. Single input devices
 Non critical repeat function
• Produces a switching power gain of about 103
• In the form of contacts
• Instantaneous devices with speed 20ms
• Associated with time delay function
• Repeat functions initiated by outputs from
critical or measuring elements
 Critical or measuring functions
• Requires a response to an input when exceeds a
prescribed limit
• Fast response
• Accuracy of setting
• High reset ratio
• Used in overcurrent, under voltage, overvoltage,
differential systems
• Polarised moving coil or attracted armature trype
or reed relays
 Fixed time or definite time functions
• Necessitates a delay between input and
output
• Input non critical
• Switching gains and multiple outputs
• Can produce repeat function
• Accuracy and repeatability under successive
applications
 Function time dependant on output
• Characteristic is t=f(S n), n –negative and real
• Over current and overload protection
• Low set and high set instantaneous critical
functions
Two input devices
 Two input devices
• Wide range of characteristics possible with
different operating principles
• Amplitude comparison
• Phase comparison
Multi input devices
 Multi input devices
• More than two inputs
• Complex characteristics possible
• Amplitude and phase comparison used
separately
 Classification of static relays
• Classified based on the type of measuring unit
or comparator
– Electronic relays
– Transductor or magnetic amplifier relays
– Rectifier bridge relays
– Transistor relays
– Hall effect relays
– Gauss effect relays
 Static relay components
• Diodes • Differentiating circuits
• Zener Diodes • Integrating circuits
• Transistors • Operational amplifier
• Thyristors • Level detector
• Rectifiers
• Time delay circuits
• Voltage rectified circuits
• Output circuits
• Smoothing circuits
• Transistor amplifier • DC auxiliary supply
• Filter circuits logic circuits • Surge
• Multivibrators absorbers,/surge
suppressors
• Comparators.
 General equation of comparators
• Two input signals S1 and S2 ,derived from
power system voltage and current
S1  K1VL  Z R1 I L
S 2  K 2VL  Z R2 I L
• K1 and K2 – constants
• ZR1 and ZR2 – complex impedances
Derivation of comparator inputs
Derivation of inputs
 General equation of comparators
• General equation with two inputs
S1  K1VL  Z R1 I L
S 2  K 2VL  Z R 2 I L

• Putting in complex form

•
 Comparators
• Comparator is the heart of the relay, decides
its working characteristics.
• Main principle is comparison of two operating
quantities.
• Quantities to be compared may be either in
amplitude or in phase.
• Two types of comparators
– Amplitude comparator
– Phase comparator.
 Amplitude comparator

• Compares magnitude of two input quantities

• Amplitude of operating quantity exceeds the

amplitude of restraining quantity relay sends
trip signal
 Phase comparator

• Compares two quantities in phase,

irrespective of magnitudes and operates if
phase angle less than or equal to 90⁰
Inputs to phase and amplitude
comparison
Types of comparators
 Types of comparators
• Amplitude comparator
• Phase comparators
• Vector product devices
• Zener diode phase comparator
 Amplitude comparators
Electromagnetic types

• Single input -- Hinged armature

• Two input
• Balanced beam
• Polarized moving coil with two coils
• Induction disc with operate and restrain
electromagnets
• Polarized moving iron
 Amplitude comparators
Static type
• Rectifier bridge
– Circulating current
– Opposed voltage
• Transductor type
• Instantaneous (sampling) comparators
 Phase comparators
• Electromagnetic type
– Induction disc
– Induction cup
• Static type
– Coincident circuit type
• Direct or block spike phase comparison
• Phase splitting technique
• Integrating type phase comparator with transistor AND gate
• Integrating type phase comparator with rectifier type AND
gate
• Rectifier phase comparator
 Vector product devices
• Output produced proportional to the vector
product of input a.c
• Hall effect devices
– Application as a phase comparator with sinusoidal
input
– Practical hall elements
• Magneto resistivity type
 Amplitude comparator
• Compares two inputs amplitudes.
• ie, operating quantity and restraining quantity.
• Three types of amplitude comparators
– Integrating amplitude comparator
– Instantaneous amplitude comparator
– Sampling amplitude comparator
 Integrating amplitude comparator
• Two types
– Circulating current
– Voltage opposed
• Circulating current type relays assembled in
two ways
1.Through rectifier bridge with a slave relay
2. Rectifier bridges with static output
devices.
Integrating type rectifier bridge
comparator with slave relay
Opposition of circulating current
bridge
 Working
• Input signals are the operating and restraining
current.
• S0 =Ki0, Sr= Kir
• Relay operates when S0> Sr
• Two full wave rectifiers needed
• For operating quantity and for restraining
quantity.
• Output of the relay applied to slave relay, which
is D C polarized relay.
 Contd…
• Static output devices are also used for this
type of relay
• The circuit consists of an averaging circuit of
the difference of the rectifier currents
(i0-ir),along with polarity detector.

• This relay operates if the average value of the

output is positive.
Integrating type bridge comparator
with static output device
 Working of opposed voltage
comparator
• Works on the on the principle of averaging
the difference of the rectified voltages.
• Output of relay has zero torque when Vo= Vr
• The bridge of this relay is not very sensitive.
Opposed voltage bridge comparator
 Direct comparator
• Rectification and Smoothening of output to
avoid variations in voltages
• 3 phase rectifier used
• Greater smoothing by polyphase circuits
• Gives continuous output
Rectification by phase splitting
Direct comparison
Transductor amplitude comparator
 Transductor comparator
• Magnetic amplifier
• Three windings,primary,secondary and control
windings
• Output of secondary controlled by d.c
• Sensitive device
Instantaneous amplitude comparator
Instantaneous amplitude comparator
 Working
• Similar to opposed voltage comparator.
• Two types
– Averaging type
– Phase splitting type
• To provide a fixed restrained level, restraining
signal is rectified and smoothened properly in
averaging type comparator.
 Contd…
• To achieve the operating condition the peak of
the operating signal must exceed the
restraining level
• Smoothing is done by capacitor ,which causes
delay in operation.
• Phase splitting type comparators are
preferred.
• Phase splitting is done before rectification
 Sampling amplitude comparator
• Signals before being compared are sampled
either at same instant or at different instants
• In sampling of one signal ,comparison of the
signal proportional to its average rectified
values with sampled signals is made.
• Voltage signal is sampled and then compared
with the average value of the current passing
through the zero value.
Block diagram of sampling amplitude
comparator for reactance relay
 Phase comparators
• Phase relation between two input signals are
compared.
• When phase relationship varies within certain
limits output required for relay operation is
obtained.
• Condition for operation is
-α1 ≤ ϴ ≤ α2
 Phase comparators
• Two types
– Coincident type phase comparator
– Vector product type phase comparator
Coincident type phase comparison
• Similar polarities of two input signals, with a
phase difference measured and compared
• If α phase difference, the period of
coincidence ψ= (180-α)
• Criterion for operation
-90⁰≤ α ≤ +90⁰
Coincidence of two sinusoidal inputs
Coincident type phase comparison
• Techniques used
– Block spike phase comparison
– Phase splitting technique
– Integrating phase comparison
– Rectifier bridge phase comparison
 Block spike coincident technique
• The output available for different phase
differences are
• With spike derived at peak value
-90⁰≤ α ≤ +90⁰
• At zero value
0 ≤ α ≤ 180⁰
• At any other instant
ϴ ≤ α ≤ (180-ϴ)⁰
Block spike coincident technique
 Working
• Works on the principle of measuring the period
of coincidence.
• If α is the phase difference between two signals
and period of coincidence is
Ψ= (180- α) .
• For a desired operation of α at less than +90̊
the coincidence period is greater than 90 ̊
Condition of operating angle is -90 ̊≤ α ≤ 90
 Working
• One input is converted into a spike and other
into a square wave at the instant of passing
the signal either zero value or peak value.
• To get the output of coincidence of two
signals,spike and square wave, the two signals
are fed to an AND gate.
 Phase splitting comparator
• Both input signals are split into two
components each.
• Split by + 45 ̊ with reference to the original
signal
• Four components are fed to an AND gate
• The AND gate gives the output at the instant
when all signals are positive.
Block diagram of phase splitting
comparator
Integrating phase comparator
Integrating phase comparator with
phase shifting technique
 Working

• Measurement of period is done after

integrating signals S1 and S2
• Integration is done by feeding the signals to
the AND gates ,which is known as the
coincident detector .
• Both sine waves converted to square waves
and fed to gates.
Rectifier bridge phase comparator
 Working
• Output across 1&2
• Inputs through T1 and T2
• I - gating input, function is to keep diode open
• Current can flow in forward and reverse
direction provided reverse current less than
forward current.
 Analysis
• Gating signal greater than twice the operating
signal in r m s magnitude
• I/2 flows through D1 and D2
Rectifier bridge phase comparator
 Working
• Used for distant relay operation.
• If reverse current is less than the forward
current the current can flow in both directions
• A diode is acting as gate as long as it is kept
open by a forward current
• Operating current is kept as half the gating
current.