Cell Structure

& Function

http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Nonliving Levels:
1. ATOM (element)
2. MOLECULE (compounds like
carbohydrates & proteins)
3. ORGANELLES (nucleus, ER, Golgi
…)
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 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Nonliving Levels:
1. ATOM (element)

3
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Nonliving Levels:
2. MOLECULE (compounds like
carbohydrates & proteins)

4
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Nonliving Levels:
3. ORGANELLES (nucleus, ER, Golgi
…)

5
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
1. CELL (makes up ALL organisms)
2. TISSUE (cells working together
3. ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …)
4. ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory,
circulatory …)
5. ORGANISM 6
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
1. CELL (makes up ALL organisms)

7
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
2. TISSUE (cells working together

8
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
3. ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …)

9
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
4. ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory,
circulatory …)

10
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
5. ORGANISM

11
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels continued:
1. POPULATION (one species in an area)

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 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels continued:
2. COMMUNITY (several populations in an
area

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 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels continued:
3. ECOSYSTEM (forest, ponds …)

14
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels continued:
4. BIOME (Tundra, Tropical Rain forest…)

15
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels continued:
5. BIOSPHERE (all living and nonliving
things on Earth)

16
 First to View Cells
• In 1665, Robert
Hooke used a
microscope to
examine a thin
slice of cork
(dead plant cell
walls)
• small boxes
17
 First to View Cells
• Hooke is
responsible for
naming cells
• Hooke called them
“CELLS” because
they looked like the
small rooms that
monks lived in
called Cells
18
 Cell Theory(old)

1. Cells are the basic unit of life

2. All living things are made up of cells.

3. All cells come from preexisting cells

through cell division.
 New
1. Cells are the basic unit of life
2. All living things are made up of cells.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells
4. All organisms, both unicellular and
multicellular, are made of one or
more cells
5. Energy flows through cells
6. All cells have a similar composition
 Definition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is

capable of performing life functions.
(basic unit of life)
 Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
 Two Types of Cells

•Prokaryotic

•Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotic
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• (bacteria)
have no nucleus
and very few
organelles. DNA is
not contained
• One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
 Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms (protists, fungi, plants and
animals) larger,more complex,DNA is inside the
nucleus
Animal
Plant
 “Typical” Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
 “Typical” Plant Cell

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
 Organelles
Very small (Microscopic)
Perform various functions for a cell
Found in the cytoplasm
May or may not be membrane-bound
Surrounding the Cell
• Membrane bound organelles
– are most fluid-filled, so they have a
membrane.
– Ex. Nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast
etc.

• Non-membrane bound organelles are

more solid structures that are not fluid-
filled, so they have no need for a
membrane.
– Ex. ribosomes, cell wall, and the
cytoskeleton.
 Cell Wall Cell wall

• Nonliving layer
• Found in plants, fungi,
& bacteria
• Made of cellulose in
plants
• Made of peptidoglycan
in bacteria
• Made of chitin in Fungi

32
 Cell Wall
• Supports and
protects cell
• Found outside of the
cell membrane

33
 Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell
• Double layer

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
 Nucleus

• Directs cell activities

• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
 Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around in cell
• Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
(makes lipids)

• Rough type (pictured):

ribosomes embedded
in surface (makes
proteins)
 Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes
& floating throughout
the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Mitochondria
• “Powerhouse” of the cell
• Generate cellular energy
(ATP)
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
What do mitochondria do?

“Power plant” of
the cell

Burns glucose to
release energy (ATP)

Stores energy as ATP

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 Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants maintain
shape

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where
photosynthesis takes
place

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html