Prepared by: Imelda, Joey (G2.5) Key concept • The theory states that people learn behaviour, attitudes from one another through observation, imitation and modeling. • Often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory and motivation. • It focuses on how mental (cognitive) factors are involved in learning. • Social learning theory explains human behaviour corresponding with interaction between cognitive, behavioural, and environmental influences. Key concept • Bandura (1977) believes that humans are active information processors and think about the relationship between their behavior and its consequences. • Observational learning could not occur unless cognitive processes were at work. • Cognitive process is to determine whether a new response is acquired. Key concept • Therefore, individuals do not automatically observe the behaviour of a model and imitate it. • There is some thought prior to imitation, and this consideration is called mediational processes. • This occurs between observing the behavior (stimulus) and imitating it or not (response) 4 phases of observational learning 1. Attention phase – For behaviors to be successfully learned, the individual must pay sufficient attention to a model. – Ex. In the classroom, the teacher gains the students’ attention by presenting clear and interesting cues. 2. Retention phase – Storing this information so that it may be used at a later date is crucial to the observational learning process. – Once teachers have students’ attention, it is time to model the behavior they want students to imitate and give students chance to practise. – Eg. Teacher shows letter A to students. 3. Reproduction phase - Reproduce the observed behavior. Practice of this behavior assists with the improvement of skills. - Students try to match their behavior to the model’s. - Eg. Students can reproduce the letter after practicing several times. - We are limited by our physical ability and for that reason, even if we wish to reproduce the behavior. - Ex. 90-year-old-lady watching some dancing on ice. 4. Motivation & Reinforcement phase – The individual must be motivated to repeat the learned behavior. – Reinforcement and punishment acts to either encourage or deter the individual from having the motivation to repeat the modeled behavior. – Ex. Teacher gives praise when the students have learned that this is what the teacher likes. Three type of Reinforcement 1. Direct Reinforcement – Occurs when individual watches a model perform, imitates that behavior and reinforced or punished by some individual 2. Vicarious Reinforcement • The observer anticipates receiving a reward for behaving in a given way because someone else has been so rewarded 3. Self- Reinforcement • The Individual strives to meet personal standards and does not depend on or care about the reaction of others Bobo Doll Experiment • Albert Bandura believes aggression must explain in three aspects: 1. How aggressive patterns of behavior are developed 2. What provokes people to behave aggressively. 3. What determines whether they are going to continue to resort an aggressive behavior pattern on future occasions. • Children exposed to the violent model tended to imitate the exact behaviour they had observed • Bandura had predicted that children in the non-aggressively group would behave less aggressively than those in the aggressive group • Boys would behave more aggressively than girls. • Boys who observed an adult male behaving violently were more influenced than those who had observed a female model behaviour aggressively • Interestingly, the experiments found in the same-sex aggressive groups, boys were more likely to imitate physical acts of violence while girls were more likely to imitate verbal aggression Implications of theory in teaching and learning • Students often learn a great deal by observing other people • Describing the consequences of behaviors can effectively increase appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate ones • Modeling provides an alternative to shaping for teaching new behaviors • Teachers and parents must model appropriate behaviors and take care that they do not model inappropriate ones Cont. • Teacher’s presentation should be very skillful and interesting. (demonstration) • Teacher’s demonstration should be clear so that student can imitate the procedure easily and accurately. • Role Play, Simulation Thank You..