Systems Analysis & Design

5 Edition
th

Chapter 1
Introduction to Systems
Analysis and Design
Chapter Objectives
 Discuss information technology
 Define an information system and explain
its components
 Use profiles and models to understand
business functions and operations
 Identify various types of information
systems and explain who uses them

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Chapter Objectives
 Explain systems development tools,
including modeling, and prototyping
 Describe the systems development
life cycle
 Discuss the role of the information
technology department and the
systems analysts who work there

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 IT, Information Technolgy
Information system are
used to increase
productivity, deliver
quality products and
services, maintain
customer loyalty, and
make sound
decisions.

Figure 1-1

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The Impact of Information
Technology
 Information Technology
 Combination of hardware and
software products and services that
companies use to manage, access,
communicate, and share information
 A vital asset that must be used
effectively, updated constantly, and
safeguarded carefully

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Vocabulary
 Business rule – The collection of
practices that describe how an
enterprise really functions.
 Policy – written business strategy that
may not be a practice
 Procedures – tasks performed to
achieve specific results
 Practice – observable actions carried
out
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The Impact of Information
Technology
 The Role of Systems Analysis and
Design
 Systems Analysis and Design

Step-by-step process for developing high-
quality information systems
 Systems Analyst
 Plan, develop, and maintain information
systems

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The Impact of Information
Technology
 Who develops Information Systems?
 In-house applications
 Software packages
 Internet-based application services
 Outsourcing
 Custom solutions
 Enterprise-wide software strategies
 How versus What

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Information System
Components
 A System is a set of related components that
produces specific results
 A Mission-critical system is one that is vital to
a company’s operations
 Information systems have five key
components: hardware, software, data,
processes, and people

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Figure 1-6
Information System
Components

Figure 1-9 10
Information System
Components
 Hardware
 Everything in the physical layer of the
information system
 Moore’s Law accurately predicted that
computer processing power would
double every 18 to 24 months

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Information System
Components
 Software
 System software
 Network operating system
 Application software
 Enterprise applications
 Horizontal system
 Vertical system
 Legacy systems

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 Information System
Components
 Data
 The raw
material that
an
information
system
transforms
into useful
information
Figure 1- 13
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Information System
Components
 What is a Process?
 Describe the tasks and business
functions that users, managers, and IT
staff members perform to achieve
specific results
 People
 Users, or end users, are the people who
interact with an information system,
both inside and outside the company

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Understanding The
Business
 Business Profile
 Overview of a company

 Business Models
 Graphical representation of one or more

business processes

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Figure 1-
 How Business Uses
Information Systems
 Enterprise computing systems
 Information systems that support company-
wide operations and data management

Figure 1- 16
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How Business Uses
Information Systems
 Transaction
processing systems
 Process data
generated by day-to-
day business
operations

Figure 1- 17
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 How Business Uses
Information Systems
 Business support systems
 Provide job-related information to
users at all levels of a company
 Management information systems
(MIS)
 What-if

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Figure 1-
How Business Uses
Information Systems
 Knowledge management systems
 Simulate human reasoning

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Figure 1-
How Business Uses
Information Systems
 User productivity systems
 Technology that improves productivity
 Word processing is an example
 Information systems integration
 Most large companies require systems that
combine transaction processing, business
support, knowledge management, and user
productivity features

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Information System Users
and Their Needs
 Executive or Top managers
 Middle Managers and Knowledge
Workers
 Supervisors and Team Leaders
 Operational Employees

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Systems Development
Tools and Techniques
 Systems analysts must know how to
use a variety of techniques such as
modeling, prototyping, and computer-
aided systems engineering tools to
plan, design, and implement
information systems
 Systems analysts work with these tools
in a team environment

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Systems Development
Tools and Techniques
 Modeling
 A systems analyst can describe and
simplify an information system by
using a set of business, data, object,
and process models.

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Systems Development
Tools and Techniques
 Prototyping
 Early working version of an
information system
 Speeds up the development process
significantly
 Can be an extremely valuable tool

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Systems Development
Tools and Techniques
 Computer-Aided Systems
Engineering (CASE) Tools
 CASE uses powerful software to help
systems analysts develop and
maintain information systems

Figure 1- 25
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 Systems Development
Methods
 Structured Analysis
 traditional systems development
technique
 Uses the systems development life cycle
to plan, analyze, design, implement,
and support an information system

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Systems Development
Methods
 Object-oriented (O-O) analysis
 combines data and the processes that
act on the data into things called
objects
 Systems analysts use O-O to model
real-world business processes and
operations

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Systems Development
Methods
Object-oriented (O-O) analysis

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Figure 1-
Systems Development
Methods
 Joint Application Development and
Rapid Application Development
 JAD – Team based fact finding
 RAD – compressed version of the
entire process

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The Systems Development
Life Cycle
 SDLC used to plan and manage the
systems development process.
 It includes the following steps:
1. Systems planning
2. Systems analysis
3. Systems design
4. Systems implementation
5. Systems operation and support

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The Systems Development
Life Cycle
 Systems planning
 Purpose is to identify the nature and scope
of the business opportunity or problem
 Systems request – begins the process &
describes problems or desired changes
 Systems planning includes preliminary
investigation whose key part is a feasibility
study

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The Systems Development
Life Cycle
 Systems Analysis
 Purpose is to build a logical model of
the new system
 First step is requirements modeling,
where you investigate business
processes and document what the new
system must do
 End product is the System
requirements document
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The Systems Development
Life Cycle
 Systems Design
 Purpose is to create a blueprint that will
satisfy all documented requirements
 Identify all outputs, inputs, and processes
 Avoid misunderstanding through manager
and user involvement
 End product is system design specification

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The Systems Development
Life Cycle
 Systems Implementation
 New system is constructed
 Write, test, & document programs
 File conversion occurs
 Users, managers, IT staff trained to
operate and support the system
 System evaluation performed

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The Systems Development
Life Cycle
 Systems Operation and Support
 IT staff maintains and enhances the
system
 Maintenance changes correct errors and
adapt to changes in the environment
 Enhancements provide new features and
benefits
 Well-designed system will be reliable,
maintainable, and scalable

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The Systems Development
Life Cycle
 Systems Development Guidelines
 Stick to a plan
 Involve users
 Identify milestones
 Establish checkpoints
 Be flexible
 Provide accurate and reliable cost and
benefit information
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Information Technology
Department
 The information technology (IT)
department develops and
maintains a company’s information
systems

Figure 1-
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Information Technology
Department
 Application Development
 Team may include users, managers and IT
Staff members
 Systems Support
 Provides hardware and software support
 User Support
 Provides users with technical information,
training, and productivity support

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Information Technology
Department
 Database Administration
 Database design, management, security,
backup, and user access
 Network Administration
 Includes hardware and software
maintenance, support, and security
 Web Support
 Design and construction of web pages and
presence. Important for e-commerce

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The Systems Analyst
Position
 A systems analyst investigates, analyzes,
designs, develops, installs, evaluates,
and maintains a company’s information
systems
 On large projects, the analyst works as a
member of an IT department team.
 Smaller companies often use consultants
to perform the work

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Chapter Summary
 IT is a combination of hardware,
software, and telecommunications
systems that support business
 The essential components of an
information system are hardware,
software, data, processes, and people
 Companies are production oriented,
service oriented, or a combination of
the two.
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Chapter Summary
 Based on their function and features,
information systems are identified
Organization structure usually includes
levels
 Systems analyst use modeling,
prototyping, and CASE tools
 Various development methodologies
exist, including structured analysis and
object-oriented analysis
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Chapter Summary
 An IT department develops, maintains and
operates a company’s information
systems
 Systems analysts need a combination of
technical and business knowledge,
analytical ability, and communication

 Chapter 1 Complete
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