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Introduction
Principles of Computer Networks
and Communications
[See http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html ]
(N) * (N – 1)
---------------
2
e.g., 4 phones
(4) * (4 – 1)
---------------- = 6 pairs
2
Subscribers [customer]
Switchboard at central office (phone company)
Subscribers
1000 Subscribers Subscribers
need 1000 wire pairs
[1 pair/phone]
to connect to CO.
CO w/ Switchboard
Category Frequencies
Why?
Consumer demand was increasing pressure for more
wiring between COs
Intended to offset construction and maintenance costs
How?
PCM—Pulse Code Modulation
Developed by AT&T’s Bell Labs in the 1930s
How?
Modem—modulator/demodulator
Deployed by AT&T in 1958
Digital
Used by TDM
If affected by noise, original signal can be restored in
most cases
PDN
Charges only for actual data transmitted
Users share connection costs—idle moments are made
available to other users
Less expensive for sending business data
Layer 4 Header is
added to original data,
“encapsulating” it
Layer 3 Header is
added to packet
Layer 2
Header and Trailer
are added to packet
Layer 1
Used to carry packets
without affecting them
Bluetooth Networks
Piconet
Scatternet