Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
MANAGEMENT
GROUP 3
Migrino, Angelica E.
Palacio,Maria Nila Z.
Tabora,John Nicole T.
Yudelmo, Japeth S.
CONFORMANCE AND
NON-CONFORMANCE
TO QUALITY STANDARDS
Cost of Conformance:
This is the costs incurred by carrying out activities to ensure
the project and deliverables conform to the quality
requirements and avoid failure (i.e. building quality into the
project processes).
Prevention Costs money spent on activities/equipment to prevent defects
from arising in the first place.
Appraisal Costs money spent on those activities to inspect and dig out
defects to prevent these defects from getting into the hands of the customers,
Cost of Non-Conformance
This is the money that needs to be spent for not
conforming to the quality requirements.
Internal Failure Costs The costs incurred when defects in
the deliverables are detected internally (i.e. not yet
presented to the customers)
External Failure Costs The costs incurred when defects are found the
deliverables have been delivered to customers and in actual use (this is the
wrost kind of quality costs)
QUALITY OF DESIGN
QUALITY OF DESIGN
Re-verifying Nonconforming
Products
Corrective Action
is a reactive process to address concerns or issues after they have occurred. It
assumes that a non-conformance or problem has been identified and has been
reported. The problem might be identified in processes, materials, suppliers, the
product, the service, the workplace, or the management system itself.
In ISO 9001: it means that you eliminate the problem and make sure
it will not happen again, so the corrective actions you take will also
include the longer term actions you take to make sure the problem
will not occur again.
You might find opportunities for corrective actions through:
conducting workplace inspections
testing, inspecting, and monitoring of plant and equipment
consulting with staff
customer feedback
audits
hazard reporting
dealing with any non-conforming product
investigating complaints
reviewing system failures
reviewing regulatory requirements
Purpose:
review and document the problem
contain or temporarily fix the problem. e.g. remove the defective product from
production and quarantine it in a designated area for later investigation
Investigate the cause of the problem – how did it happen, why did it happen, could
it happen again?
Propose an appropriate solution that will prevent the problem happening again.
This will often mean a change to the process, and/or the system.
You need to report on what actions were actually taken.
After an appropriate period of time, you will need to assess whether the actions
taken were successful in preventing recurrence. Document the evidence to support
your decision.
Once you are satisfied the problem is not recurring, you can close the issue.
Records of your corrective actions provide evidence that the problem was recognized,
corrected, and proper controls installed to make sure that it does not happen again.
Preventive Action
Is a proactive process and is initiated to stop a potential
problem from occurring or from becoming too severe. Preventive
action focuses on identifying negative trends & addressing them
before they become significant.
If something has already gone wrong, it is a non-conformance
that is addressed with corrective actions.
You can identify opportunities for preventive action (or risks and
opportunities) in many ways:
Through the management review process
Process / performance monitoring
Analysis of warranty data and customer feedback for trends
Process analysis
Look for trends in the root causes of corrective actions
Risk assessment, FMEA – Failure Mode Effects Analysis
Employee suggestions for improvement
Contingency planning, Disaster recovery planning
Production planning
Monitoring changes in legislation, regulations
Reviewing changes in the marketplace
Assessing new technology
Internal / External Quality Audit Findings
Employee Observation
Once you’ve identified a potential source of problems and the possible effects, you need to
assess how likely it is to happen, and whether the costs associated with reducing the risk are
worth it. This is effectively risk-management.
If you are documenting a Preventive Action or ‘Managing Risk’ procedure, you should
include information on:
How you identify a potential problem
Where and how it should be recorded
how the potential causes should be investigated, and by who
deciding on what action will be taken
how to record the actions taken
assessing the solution for effectiveness and documenting the evidence to support your
decision.
when and who can finally close the issue.
The records you keep on actions taken provide evidence that
an effective quality system has been implemented and that it is
able to anticipate, identify and eliminate potential problems.