Presented By :-

GROUP :- 8
YEAR :- 2nd YEAR – 3rd SEM
SUBJECT :- DC Machine & transformer
TOPIC :- Basics of DC Machines
Construction of DC machine
• Fig. shows the construction of DC generator. The construction of a DC
generator is same as that of DC motor.
Important parts of a Generator:
1. Yoke
2. Field winding
3. Poles
4. Armature
5. Commutator, brushes and gear
6. Bearings
Yoke
• Yoke is also called as frame. It provides protection to the rotating and
other parts of the machine from moisture,
• Yoke is an iron body which provides path for the flux.
• This is essential to complete the magnetic circuit.
• It provides a mechanical support for the poles.
Poles, Pole shoe and pole core
• A pole of a generator is an electromagnet.
• The field winding is wound over the poles.
• Poles introduce the magnetic flux when the
Field winding is excited.
• Pole shoe is an extended part of a pole.
Due to its typical shape , it enlarges the
Area of the pole .
Field Winding
• The coils wound around the pole cores are called field coils.
• The field coils are connected in series to form the field winding.
• The field winding is also called as exciting winding.
• The material used for the field conductor is copper.
Armature core
• Armature core is a cylindrical drum mounted on the shaft.
• It is provided with a large number of slots
All over its periphery.
• All these slots are parallel to the shaft axis.
Armature conductors are placed in these slots.
• Armature core provides a low reluctance path
to the flux produced by the field winding.
Commutator
• A commutator is a cylindrical drum mounted on the shaft along with
the armature core.
• It is made of a large number of wedge-shaped
Segments of hard-drawn copper.
• The armature winding is tapped at various
Points and these tappings are succesively
Connected to various segments of the
Commutator.
Working Principle of DC Machine
• A DC generator operates on the principle of dynamically induced emf
in a conductor. The dynamic induction of emf can be explained with
the help of Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
• The relative motion is produced by either moving the magnetic flux or
by moving the conductor.
• The practical DC generator operates on the principle of dynamic
induction. To implement the principle , the parts of dc generator are
as follows:
1. An electromagnet to produce the magnetic flux.
2. A movable conductor placed in this field.
3. A mechanism to rotate the conductor.
• Hence, in a practical dc generator a stationary winding is called field
winding Is used to produce flux.
Types of DC Generators. (Methods of Excitation)
• A dc generator consists of two winding namely the field winding which
produces the magnetic flux and the rotating armature winding.
• The current can be supplied to the field winding of a generator in two
different way. The way in which field current of a generator I supplied will
decide the type of dc generator.
• The two different ways of supplying the field current are as follows :
1. To connect the field winding to an external source such as battery.
2. To use the emf induced in the armature winding of the generator to
supply its own field current.
 Generators

Separately excited generators Self excited generators

Shunt Generators Series generators Compound Generators

Cumulative compound generators Differential compound generators

Long shunt cumulative generator Short shunt Long shunt differential generator Short shunt
Armature Windings
• Pole Pitch :
It is defined as the periphery of the armature divided by the number of
poles of the generator or distance between two adjacent poles.

• Conductor :
We can define the conductor as the length of wire lying in the magnetic
field and in which an e.m.f. is induced.
• Coil span or coil pitch :
Coil span or coil pitch Is defined as the distance measured in terms of
armature slots between two sides of couple.

• Commutator pitch :
The commutator pitch is defined as the distance between the segments
to which the two ends of a coils are connected
Types of Armature Winding
Armature winding

Lap winding Wave winding

Lap winding
• For lap winding the number of parallel paths is exactly equal to the
number of poles P.
Number of parallel paths(A) = Number of poles(p)
• The lap winding is useful foe law voltage high current machines
Wave Winding
• This type of winding will crate only two parallel paths irrespective of
the number of poles.
Number of poles(A) =2
• Wave winding is useful for high voltage law current machines.
THANK YOU