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 Introduction
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1. The kinetic energy content of the particles increases in the
order: solid < liquid < gas.


 
Solid Vibration, rotation
Liquid Vibration, rotation, translation
Gas Vibration, rotation, translation


    
1. Molar latent heat of fusion: amount of heat required to change one mole
of pure solid into a liquid.
2. Molar latent heat of vaporization: amount of heat required to change one
mole of pure liquid into vapor.

  
     
Mercury 2.30 58.2
Ethanol 4.60 43.5
Ammonia 5.60 23.3
Water 6.00 40.6
Benzene 9.80 30.7
Aluminium 10.70 284.0

3. Less energy is required to change from solid to liquid as kinetic energy

content liquid is closer to the kinetic energy content of solid.
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ixed Not fixed Not fixed

ixed ixed Not fixed
!
  No No Yes
#
  High Moderate Low
$  

High Moderate Low
%

 Low Moderate High
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1. The rate of vaporization increases with:
a) A rise in temperature
b) A decrease in external pressure
c) An increase in the surface area of the liquid.

2. Enthalpy of vaporization: the minimum kinetic energy required to

overcome the attractive forces between the particles in a liquid.
3. The loss of molecules with high kinetic energy will lower the average
kinetic energy in liquid. Since temperature is directly proportional to
the average kinetic energy, the temperature will be lowered.
4. However, energy will constantly be absorbed from surrounding.
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1. If evaporation happen s in a closed container, the concentration of
vapor increases and vapor pressure will be exerted on the wall.
2. Some of these molecules will enter the liquid again through
condensation.
3. inally, the rate of evaporation is similar to rate of condensation.
Dynamic equilibrium is achieved. At this stage, concentration of
vapour reaches maximum.
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1. The vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure
produced by the particles that escaped from the
liquid surface.
2. The vapor pressure is independent of the
amount of liquid present.
3. Barometer mercury is used to measure the vapor
pressure of a liquid
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1. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapour
pressure equals to the external pressure.
2. If the external pressure is reduced, the boiling point is decreased.
3. The boiling point of a liquid at 1 atmosphere (101.3 kPa) is called
normal boiling point.
4. At an external pressure of 1600 kPa, the boiling point of water is
only 14 C.
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1. The liquid which evaporates more readily is more volatile

2. At the same temperature, a substance which is more volatile will have
higher vapor pressure but lower boiling point
 ether ethanol water



1 atm

0.5 atm

35.6 78 100 boiling point