LECTURES

Lecturer: Dr. Kavian Cooke

Activities:
• Present new material
• Announce reading and homework
• Take quizzes and midterms*
• Discuss concepts from lecture
*Make-ups given only for emergencies.
*Discuss potential conflicts beforehand.

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MEE2003: Introduction to Materials Science
Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials
Science
You will learn about:
• material structure
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities
with materials

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 Office Hours
Open door policy

Schedule time is:

1:00 - 3:00 pm - Thursday
**Contact Lecturer for special arrangements

Activities:
• Discuss homework, quizzes, exams
• Discuss lectures, book
• Pick up missed handouts

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 COURSE MATERIALS
Required text:
• John, Vernon, “Introduction to Engineering Materials”, 4th ed.,
Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

• DeGarmo, P.E., Black J. T. and Kosher R. A., “Materials

Processes and Manufacturing”, 8th ed., Prentice Hall, 1997.

Optional Material:
• Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
W.D. Callister, Jr., 7th edition, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. (2007).

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 GRADING

Assignment exercises 10%

Test #1 15%
Tentatively scheduled for: week 6

Test #2 15% - 10-week test

Tentatively scheduled for: week 11

Project 10%
Tentatively scheduled for: week 3
Final 50%
Tentatively scheduled for:

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 BONDING AND PROPERTIES

• What promotes bonding?

• What types of bonds are there?
• How does bonding affect material
properties?
• Much of a material’s behavior can be
explained by the phenomena in this
chapter.

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Order: Short vs Long Range

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 Atomic Structure
• atom – electrons – 9.11 x 10-31 kg
protons
neutrons } 1.67 x 10-27 kg

• atomic number = # of protons in nucleus of atom

= # of electrons of neutral species

• A [=] atomic mass unit = amu = 1/12 mass of 12C

Atomic wt = wt of 6.022 x 1023 molecules or atoms

1 amu/atom = 1g/mol
C 12.011
H 1.008

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 Atomic Structure

• Valence electrons determine the

following properties:
1) Chemical
2) Electrical
3) Thermal
4) Optical

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 Electronic Structure
• Electrons have wavelike and particulate
properties.
– This means that electrons are in orbitals defined by a
probability.
– Each orbital at discrete energy levels is determined by
quantum numbers.

Quantum # Designation
n = principal (energy level-shell) K, L, M, N, O (1, 2, 3, etc.)
l = subsidiary (orbitals) s, p, d, f (0, 1, 2, 3,…, n-1)
ml = magnetic 1, 3, 5, 7 (-l to +l)
ms = spin ½, -½

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 Electron Energy States
Electrons...
• have discrete energy states
• tend to occupy lowest available energy state.

4d
4p N-shell n = 4

3d
4s

Energy 3p M-shell n = 3
3s

2p L-shell n = 2
2s

1s K-shell n = 1
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 SURVEY OF ELEMENTS
• Most elements: Electron configuration not stable.
Element Atomic # Electron configuration
Hydrogen 1 1s 1
Helium 2 1s 2 (stable)
Lithium 3 1s 2 2s 1
Beryllium 4 1s 2 2s 2
Boron 5 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1 Adapted from Table 2.2,
Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
Carbon 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2
... ...
Neon 10 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 (stable)
Sodium 11 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1
Magnesium 12 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2
Aluminum 13 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1
... ...
Argon 18 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 (stable)
... ... ...
Krypton 36 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 (stable)

• Why? Valence (outer) shell usually not filled completely.

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 Electron Configurations
• Valence electrons – those in unfilled shells
• Filled shells more stable
• Valence electrons are most available for
bonding and tend to control the chemical
properties

– example: C (atomic number = 6)

1s2 2s2 2p2

valence electrons

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 The Periodic Table
• Columns: Similar Valence Structure

inert gases
give up 1e-
give up 2e-

accept 2e-
accept 1e-
give up 3e-

H He
Li Be O F Ne
Na Mg S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Te I Xe
Cs Ba Po At Rn
Fr Ra

Electronegative elements:
Electropositive elements:
Readily acquire electrons
Readily give up electrons
to become - ions.
to become + ions. 16
 Electronic Configurations
ex: Fe - atomic # = 26 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d 6 4s2

4d
4p N-shell n = 4 valence
electrons
3d
4s

Energy 3p M-shell n = 3
3s

2p L-shell n = 2
2s

1s K-shell n = 1

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 Electronegativity
• Ranges from 0.7 to 4.0,
• Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.

Smaller electronegativity Larger electronegativity

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd
edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.
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 Bonding Energy
• Energy – minimum energy most stable
– Energy balance of attractive and repulsive terms
-
A -
B
EN = EA + ER =
r rn
Repulsive energy ER

Interatomic separation r

Net energy EN

Attractive energy EA
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 Properties From Bonding: Tm
• Bond length, r • Melting Temperature, Tm
Energy
r

• Bond energy, Eo ro
r
Energy smaller Tm

unstretched length
ro larger Tm
r
Eo = Tm is larger if Eo is larger.
“bond energy”

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 Properties From Bonding : a
• Coefficient of thermal expansion, a
length, L o coeff. thermal expansion
unheated, T1
DL DL
= a (T2 -T1)
heated, T 2 Lo

• a ~ symmetric at ro
Energy
unstretched length
ro
r a is larger if Eo is smaller.

Eo larger a
Eo smaller a
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 Primary Bonding
• Ionic
• Covalent
• Metallic

• Bonding involves the valence electrons.

• Bonding occurs due to the tendency of
the atoms to assume stable electron
structures (completely filled outer shells)

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 Ionic Bonding
• Occurs between + and - ions.
• Requires electron transfer.
• Large difference in electronegativity required.
• Example: NaCl

Na (metal) Cl (nonmetal)
unstable unstable
electron

Na (cation) + - Cl (anion)
stable Coulombic stable
Attraction

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 Ionic bond – metal + nonmetal

donates accepts
electrons electrons

Dissimilar electronegativities

ex: MgO Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 O 1s2 2s2 2p4

[Ne] 3s2

Mg2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 O2- 1s2 2s2 2p6

[Ne] [Ne]

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 Examples: Ionic Bonding
• Predominant bonding in Ceramics
NaCl
MgO
CaF 2
CsCl

Give up electrons Acquire electrons

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.

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 Covalent Bonding
• similar electronegativity  share electrons
• bonds determined by valence – s & p orbitals
dominate bonding
• Example: polymers, GaAs, InSb, SiC, CH4
shared electrons
H from carbon atom
C: has 4 valence e-, CH 4
needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e-, H C H
needs 1 more
shared electrons
Electronegativities H from hydrogen
atoms
are comparable.

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 Ionic-Covalent Mixed Bonding

 (X A -X B )2 
% ionic character =  -
4

1- e  x (100%)
 
 

where XA & XB are Pauling electronegativities


Ex: MgO XMg = 1.3

XO = 3.5
 (3.5 -1.3)2 
 - 
% ionic character  1 - e 4  x (100%)  70.2% ionic
 
 
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 Metallic Bonding
•Metallic bonds have up to 3 valence
electrons that are not bound to a
specific atom.
•They drift throughout the metal
forming a “sea of electrons” or
“electron cloud”.
•The nonvalence electrons and
nuclei for the “ion cores”.
•The free electrons act as a “glue” to
hold the ion cores together.
•These are good conductors of heat
and charge (electricity).
 Secondary Bonding (van der Waals)

• Interaction between dipoles; dipoles are

a separation of charge (+/-).
• Weaker forces (10kJ/mol) than primary
bonding, yet these bonds still influence
physical properties.
• Secondary bonding exists in virtually all
atoms and molecules, but their
presence may be obscured by primary
bonding.
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 SECONDARY BONDING
• Fluctuating dipoles
asymmetric electron ex: liquid H 2
clouds H2 H2

+ - + - H H H H
secondary secondary
bonding bonding

• Permanent dipoles-molecule induced

secondary
-general case: + - bonding
+ -

secondary
-ex: liquid HCl H Cl bonding H Cl

-ex: polymer secondary bonding

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Bonding energies between 600 and 1500 kJ/mol (or 3 to 8 eV/atom)
are considered to be relatively large and will have correspondingly high
(large) melting points.
 Summary: Bonding
Type Bond Energy Comments
Ionic Large Nondirectional (ceramics)
Coulombic force

Covalent Variable Directional

large-Diamond (semiconductors, ceramics
small-Bismuth polymer chains)

Metallic Variable
large-Tungsten Nondirectional (metals)
small-Mercury
Secondary smallest Directional
Van der Waals inter-chain (polymer)
inter-molecular
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 Summary: Primary Bonds
Ceramics Large bond energy
(Ionic & covalent bonding): large Tm
large E
small a

Metals Variable bond energy

(Metallic bonding): moderate Tm
moderate E
moderate a

Polymers Directional Properties

(Covalent & Secondary): Secondary bonding dominates
small Tm
small E
large a

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