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Presented By
Alpa Thakkar
COMMONLY USED FLOW
DEVICES
Differential Pressure (Head) Type
Orifice Plate - Concentric, Eccentric, Segmental, Quadrant Edge, Integral, Conditioning
Venturi Tube
Flow Nozzles
Elbow
Pitot Tube, Averaging Pitot Tube (Annubar)
Variable Area (Rotameter)
Wedge Meter
V-Cone
Mass Type – measures the mass flow rate directly.
Coriolis
Thermal
Velocity Type
Magnetic
Ultrasonic - Transit Time, Doppler
Turbine
Vortex
Open Channel Type
Weir
Parshall Flume
Other Types
Positive Displacement
Target
2#
FLOW MEASUREMENT - TERMS
DENSITY (r)
A Measure Of Mass Per Unit Of Volume (lb/ft3 or kg/M3).
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The Ratio Of The Density Of A Material To The Density Of Water Or Air
Depending On Whether It Is A Liquid Or A Gas.
COMPRESSIBLE FLUID
Fluids (Such As Gasses) Where The Volume Changes With Respect To
Changes In The Pressure. These Fluids Experience Large Changes In
Density Due To Changes In Pressure.
NON-COMPRESSIBLE FLUID
Fluids (Generally Liquids) Which Resist Changes In Volume As The
Pressure Changes. These Fluids Experience Little Change In Density Due
3# To Pressure Changes.
FLOW MEASUREMENT - TERMS
Linear
Transmitter output is directly proportional to the flow input.
Square Root
Flow is proportional to the square root of the measured value.
Pressure Head
The Pressure At A Given Point In A Liquid Measured In Terms Of The Vertical Height Of A
Column Of The Liquid Needed To Produce The Same Pressure.
4#
FLOW MEASUREMENT - UNITS
5#
LAMINAR FLOW
Laminar Flow - Is Characterized By Concentric Layers Of Fluid Moving
In Parallel Down The Length Of A Pipe. The Highest Velocity (Vmax) Is
Found In The Center Of The Pipe. The Lowest Velocity (V=0) Is Found
Along The Pipe Wall.
VMAX
6#
TURBULENT FLOW
Turbulent Flow - Is Characterized By A Fluid Motion That Has Local
Velocities And Pressures That Fluctuate Randomly. This Causes The Velocity
Of The Fluid In The Pipe To Be More Uniform Across A Cross Section.
SIDE VIEW
VMAX ~ VAVG
7#
REYNOLDS NUMBER
The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces (velocity and density that keep
the fluid in motion) to viscous forces (frictional forces that slow the fluid down) and is
used for determining the dynamic properties of the fluid to allow an equal
comparison between different fluids and flows.
Laminar Flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous forces are
dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluid motion
Turbulent Flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is dominated by inertial
forces, producing random eddies, vortices and other flow fluctuations.
The Reynolds number is the most important value used in fluid dymanics as it
provides a criterion for determining similarity between different fluids,
flowrates and piping configurations.
8#
REYNOLDS NUMBER
Dvr
Re = m C
D = DIAMETER (FT)
v = VELOCITY (FT/SEC)
r = DENSITY (LB/FT3)
m = VISCOSITY (cp)
C = CONSTANT (6.72X10-4 LB/FT SEC cp)
0 2000 4000
10#
IDEAL GAS LAW
PV = nRT
Where: P = Pressure (psia)
V = Volume (FT3)
n = Number of Moles of Gas
(1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 molecules)
R = Gas Constant (10.73 FT3 PSIA / lb-mole oR)
T = Temperature (oR)
11#
REAL GASES
Compressibility Factor (Z) - The term "compressibility" is
used to describe the deviance in the thermodynamic
properties of a real gas from those expected from an ideal
gas.
PV = nZRT
12#
STANDARD CONDITIONS
P = 14.7 PSIA
T = 520 deg R (60 deg F)
Behavior of gases in a process can be equally compared by
using standard conditions – This is due to the nature of gases.
13#
ACTUAL CONDITIONS
Standard conditions can be converted to Actual Conditions using the Ideal Gas
Law.
15#
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
Bernoulli’s Law Is Described By The Following
Equation For An Ideal Fluid.
Energy Per Unit Volume Before = Energy Per Unit Volume After
1 1
P1 +
2
r V12 + r gh1 = P2 + 2
r V22 + r gh2
Kinetic Potential
V1, P1 Pressure
Energy
Energy
Per Unit
Energy
Per unit
Volume Volume
V2, P2
V2 > V1
P2 < P1
Flow is measured by creating a pressure drop and applying the flow equation below.
Basic Flow Equation for single phase compressible and non-compressible fluids:
qm = Flow
C = Constant
e = Expansion Factor
a = Orifice Area
Dp = P1 - P2
r1 = Density
b=d/D
d = Diameter of Orifice
D = Diameter of Pipe
18#
METER RANGEABILITY
The square root function’s impact on a differential pressure device limits
the measurement turndown (rangeability) to between 4:1 and 6:1.
100
90
METER RANGEABILITY
% MAXIMUM METER HEAD
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
NORMAL
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
RANGE
19#
% MAXIMUM FLOW RATE
ORIFICE PLATE
A simple device, considered a precision
instrument. It is simply a piece of flat metal with a
flow-restricting bore that is inserted into the pipe
between flanges. The orifice meter is well
understood, rugged and inexpensive. It’s accuracy
under ideal conditions is in the range of 0.75-1.5%.
It can be sensitive to a variety of error-inducing
conditions, such as if the plate is eroded or
damaged.
Orifice Plate
20# Orifice Flanges
CONCENTRIC ORIFICE PLATE
21#
22#
ECCENTRIC ORIFICE PLATE
Eccentrically bored plates are plates with the orifice off center, or eccentric,
as opposed to concentric. This type of plate is most commonly used to
measure fluids which carry a small amount of non-abrasive solids, or gases
with small amounts of liquid, since with the opening at the bottom of the pipe,
the solids and liquids will carry through, rather than collect at the orifice
plate. A higher degree of uncertainty as compared to the concentric orifice.
Eccentric orifice plates are used in many industries including heavy and light
chemicals and petrochemicals.
23#
VENT AND WEEP HOLES
There are times when a gas may be have a
small amount of liquid or a liquid may have a
small amount of gas but not enough in either
case to warrant the use of an eccentric orifice.
In these casesVENT
it is best to simply add a small
hole near the edge of the plate, flush with the
inside diameter of the pipe, allowing undesired
substances to pass through the plate rather than
collect on the upstream side. If such a hole is
oriented upward to pass vapor bubbles, it is
called a vent DRAIN
hole. If the hole is oriented
downward to pass liquid droplets, it is called a
drain hole.
24#
ORIFICE PLATE TAP LOCATIONS
Differential pressure is measured through pressure taps located on each side of the orifice
plate. Pressure taps can be positioned at a variety of different locations.
Flange Taps
Corner Taps
Radius Taps
Vena-Contracta Taps
Pipe Taps
26#
Flow tube and venturi flow meter
27#
FLOW NOZZLE
DP Type Flowmeter
Used when higher velocity & pressure recovery are required
Better suited for gas service than for liquid
28#
Flow
Nozzle
29#
WEDGE METER
Wedge flow meters can be used on just about any liquid or gas, just like
orifice plates. However they are generally chosen for dirty service
applications, or high viscosity applications such as slurry or heavy oil, or
where solids are present. For regular service applications consider other
types of meters first unless wedge meters are specified by customer as
preferred.
Since they are a differential pressure device their sizing calculation is
similar to that of other dP flowmeters.
Seal pots
P1 HP LP
Seal fluid
Q
D Transmitter
P2
30#
H
V-CONE
31#
Multivariable Pressure Transmitter
• A Multivariable pressure
transmitter provides gauge
pressure, differential
pressure, and temperature
measurement in a single
instrument.
• Uses Smart digital HART
communications for multiple
measurements.
• Minimizes the number of
transmitters and process
connections
32#
PITOT TUBE
33#
PITOT TUBE FLOW PRINCIPLES
Pitot tubes make use of dynamic pressure difference. Orifices in the leading face
register total head pressure, dynamic + static, while the hole in the trailing face
only conveys static pressure. Pressure difference between the two gives dynamic
pressure in pipe, from which flow can be calculated.
Basic Mass rate of flow equation for single phase compressible and non-
compressible fluids:
34#
DP METER CHARACTERISTICS
35#
VARIABLE AREA FLOWMETER (ROTAMETER)
FLOW PRINCIPLES
36#
VARIABLE AREA (ROTAMETER)
CHARACTERISTICS
37#
CORIOLIS
38#
CORIOLIS
FLOW PRINCIPLES
Flow is measured by using velocity sensors to detect the twist in the tube
and transmit electrical signals having a relative phase shift that is
proportional to mass flow.
Coriolis meters also measure density, whereby the resonant frequency of
the forced rotation is a function of fluid density.
39#
CORIOLIS CHARACTERISTICS
Recommended Service: Clean, Dirty & Viscous Liquids, Gases, Some Slurries
Rangeability: 10 to 1
Pressure Loss: Medium to High
Accuracy: to 0.1% in liquids & to 0.35% in gas
Straight Run Required: None
Viscosity Effect: None
Relative Cost: High
Sizes: > ½”
Connections: Flanged & Clamp-on Design
Type of Output: Linear
40#
THERMAL MASS FLOWMETER
FLOW PRINCIPLES
Thermal mass flow meters introduce heat into the flow stream and measure how much
heat dissipates using one or more temperature sensors. This method works best with
gas mass flow measurement.
The constant temperature differential method have a heated sensor and another
sensor that measures the temperature of the gas. Mass flow rate is computed based
on the amount of electrical power required to maintain a constant difference in
temperature between the two temperature sensors.
In the constant current method the power to the heated sensor is kept constant. Mass
flow is measured as a function of the difference between the temperature of the heated
sensor and the temperature of the flow stream.
41#
THERMAL MASS FLOWMETER
CHARACTERISTICS
42#
MAGNETIC FLOWMETER
FLOW PRINCIPLES
A magnetic flow meter (mag flowmeter) is a volumetric flow meter which does not have any
moving parts and is ideal for wastewater applications or any dirty liquid which is conductive
or water based. Magnetic flowmeters will generally not work with hydrocarbons, distilled
water and many non-aqueous solutions). Magnetic flowmeters are also ideal for applications
where low pressure drop and low maintenance are required.
The operation of a magnetic flowmeter or mag meter is based upon Faraday's Law, which
states that the voltage induced across any conductor as it moves at right angles through a
magnetic field is proportional to the velocity of that conductor.
43#
MAGNETIC FLOWMETER
CHARACTERISTICS
44#
Magnetic flow meter
ADVANTAGES
No Moving Parts
DISADVANTAGES
45#
ULTRASONIC METER
46#
ULTRASONIC METER FLOW PRINCIPLES
B
Transmitter/ Flow is measured by
FLOW
t dn Receiver (T/R) measuring the difference
t up
Frequency pulse in transit time for two
ultrasonic beams
Transit length L A transmitted in a fluid
Transit time difference is proportional both upstream and
to mean velocity Vm, therefore Vm downstream.
can be calculated as follows:
Ultrasonic Meters are
Vm = (L / 2 * cos ) * [(TAB – TBA) / (TAB . TBA)] mainly used on large
size lines where high
Basic Flow Equation: Q = A * V rangeability is required.
47#
ULTRASONIC (DOPPLER)
FLOW PRINCIPLES
48#
Doppler
Flowmeter
49#
ULTRASONIC CHARACTERISTICS
50#
TURBINE METER
51#
TURBINE METER
CHARACTERISTICS
52#
Turbine flow meter
ADVANTAGES
High Accuracy
DISADVANTAGES
Moving Parts
53#
VORTEX METER
54#
VORTEX METER
FLOW PRINCIPLES
f = Shedding Frequency
d = Diameter of Bluff Body
St = Stouhal Number (Ratio between Bluff Body Diameter and Vortex Interval)
A = Area of Pipe
55#
Vortex flow meter
56#
VORTEX / SWIRLMETER
ADVANTAGES
No Moving Parts
Wide Rangeability
DISADVANTAGES
57#
VORTEX CHARACTERISTICS
58#
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT (PD) FLOWMETER
59#
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT (PD) FLOWMETER
FLOW PRINCIPLES
Schematic of a
Schematic of a
rotary-vane Schematic of a
nutating-disk
flowmeter lobed-impeller
meter
flowmeter
61#
PD Flowmeters
Advantages
62#
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT (PD)
CHARACTERISTICS
63#
Variable area Flow meter
64#
There are five primary elements to a variable area flow meter (rotameter):
Metering tube – a tapered chamber that contains the fluid and the float
Float – a spherical or symmetrically shaped object that moves up or down
based on flow rate
Scale – a device marked with increments of the flow units used to read the
flow rate
Some types have a guide rod to keep float stable
Process connections (end fittings) – the flanged or threaded assembly that
the customer uses to connect the process fluid lines – along with meter size,
this is very important to the customer
Body or housing – the frame or structure that contains the metering tube,
float, scale and customer connections
65#
A variable area meter (rotameter) is a flow meter that measures volumetric
flow of liquids and gases
.Its operation is based on the variable area principle, where flow raises a float in
a tapered tube, increasing the area for passage of the fluid flow.
The float will reach a stable position when the force exerted by the flowing
fluid + the buoyancy equals the gravitational force.
A change in flow rate upsets this force balance and the float will move up or
down until it again reaches a position where the forces are in balance.
The pressure drop across the float is low and remains essentially constant as the
flow rate changes.
66#
Float response to flow rate changes is linear and usually a 10
to 1 flow range is standard.
Variable area meters can be installed directly after pipe
fittings or valves without adverse effects on the meter
accuracy.
The meters are also inherently self-cleaning since the flow of
gas or liquid between the tube wall and the float provides a
scouring action that discourages the build-up of foreign
matter.
The forces or influences involved in the rotameter can be
seen in the diagram below.
67#
68#
Application Cautions for Variable Area Flowmeters
70#
71#