BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 10
Molecular Biology of the Gene

Modules 10.1 – 10.5

From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides

• DNA is a nucleic acid, made of long chains of

nucleotides
Phosphate
group

Nitrogenous
base
Nitrogenous base
Sugar
(A, G, C, or T)
Phosphate
group
Nucleotide

Thymine (T)

Sugar
(deoxyribose)

DNA nucleotide
Polynucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone Figure 10.2A

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 • DNA has four kinds of bases, A, T, C, and G

Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

Pyrimidines Purines

Figure 10.2B

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 • RNA is also a nucleic acid
– RNA has a slightly different sugar
– RNA has U instead of T

Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or U)

Phosphate
group

Uracil (U)

Sugar
(ribose) Figure 10.2C, D

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 • The structure of DNA consists of two
polynucleotide strands wrapped around each
other in a double helix

1 chocolate coat,
Blind (PRA)

Figure 10.3C
Twist

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 • Hydrogen bonds between bases hold the
strands together
– Each base pairs with a complementary partner
– A pairs with T
– G pairs with C

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 • Three representations of DNA

Hydrogen bond

Ribbon model Partial chemical structure Computer model

Figure 10.3D

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DNA REPLICATION
DNA replication depends on specific base pairing

• In DNA replication, the strands separate

– Enzymes use each strand as a template to
assemble the new strands

Nucleotides

Parental molecule Both parental strands serve Two identical daughter

of DNA as templates molecules of DNA

Figure 10.4A

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 • Untwisting and replication of DNA
• Semi-conservative model of replication

Figure 10.4B

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DNA replication: A closer look

• DNA replication begins at specific sites

Parental strand
Origin of replication
Daughter strand

Bubble

Two daughter DNA molecules

Figure 10.5A

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 • Each strand of the 5 end 3 end

double helix is P
oriented in the
opposite direction
P P

• DNA is “read” from 3’

end to 5’ end P P

P P

3 end 5 end
Figure 10.5B

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 3
DNA polymerase
5
• How DNA molecule
5 end
Daughter strand
daughter Parental DNA synthesized
continuously
strands are 5
3 Daughter
synthesized strand
synthesized
in pieces

• Template
3
P 5

strand read
from 3’ to 5’;
Daughter
strand build
from 5’ to 3’ 5
P
• The daughter
3

strands are
identical to
the parent DNA ligase

molecule Overall direction of replication

Figure 10.5C
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 Leading vs. Lagging Strands

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 DNA Synthesis

1. Helicase unwinds double helix

2. Single stranded binding proteins stabilize
unwound DNA
3. Priming of DNA synthesis with primase
4. DNA polymerase elongates new strands in the
5’  3’ direction
5. DNA ligase catalyzes linkage of Okazaki
fragments
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 Summary of DNA Replication

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Chromosomes are matched in homologous pairs

• Somatic cells of each Chromosomes

species contain a
specific number of
chromosomes
Centromere

– Human cells have

46, making up 23
pairs of homologous
chromosomes
Sister chromatids Figure 8.12

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 Human Diploid Somatic Cell (46 chromosomes)

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 Human Haploid Gamete Cell (23 chromosomes)

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What do Chromosomes do?
• DNA’s job is to carry the instructions for
making proteins
• DNAtranscription RNAtranslation Protein
• Central Dogma of DNA

Molecular Biology TRANSCRIPTION

RNA

TRANSLATION

Polypeptide

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 Codon

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 DNA Replication RNA Transcription
Two new molecules One new molecule
of double-stranded of single-stranded
DNA are produced RNA is produced
Adenine on one Adenine on DNA
DNA strand binds binds to Uracil on
to Thymine on the RNA
second DNA strand
The entire Only a small
chromosome is portion of the DNA
replicated molecule is
transcribed to
RNA, varies based
on cell’s needs at
the time
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