ODF

SUSTAINABILITY
Swachh Bharat Torch Bearers Conference, Visakhapatnam
Nov 10, 2017
 1. Background
Agenda 2. ODF Sustainability today
3. Strategy
BACKGROUND

Only 9% of
9% 13% 2603 NGP
awardees ODF

0-40% usage
Learnings 41-80% usage
from NBA 29% 81-99% usage
ODF
49%

Source : Rapid assessment 2603 NGP winners in 2013, WSP

BACKGROUND India is at 72% IHHL coverage

423
districts

ODF-S is
now!
227
ODF Oct 2017
districts

ODF SUSTAINABILITY IS CRITICAL!

BACKGROUND
 Sep 3, 2015, Release of verification guidelines
 Aug 22, 2016, ODF Verification Workshop, Jaipur
 Nov 22, 2016, ODF Sustainability workshop, New Delhi

Journey of  Dec 15, 2016, Release of sustainability guidelines

MDWS towards .

Sustainability .
since 2014 .
.
Protocol for operationalizing ODF – sustainability?
BACKGROUND
Need retrofitting:
 20. 6 lakh single pits in 2017-18 (against how many)
 7.3 lakh septic tanks in 2017-18
Urgency for
ODF-S Need to move to IHHLs:
Protocol 5.9 lakh HHs access shared toilets since 2014

Need to empty/service:
~ 58 lakh IHHLs are 3 years old, under SBM(G)
BACKGROUND
Managerial:
 52,004* (against how many) ODF villages are due
for first verification

Urgency for  Slippages aren’t captured

ODF-S
Protocol Behavioural:
QCI survey: 91% with access to a toilet, use it
9% (~48 lakh) DO NOT?
ODF Sustainability today

Rigorous and continuous monitoring and follow-up

through village WASH committees for 3 years
Learnings
from Behavioral change campaign continued after reaching
Bangladesh ODF status

Budget and staff allocated for 3 years

ODF Sustainability today

 BRAC, for instance, created sanitation entrepreneurs in

over 250 rural upazilas, sub-districts, out of 489. This helped
in bringing down open defecation in Bangladesh, said the
Learnings group’s Akramul Islam.
from  Bangladesh also observes the National Sanitation Month in
Bangladesh October each year with the aim of motivating people to use
sanitary latrines.
(https://thewire.in/24099/open-defecation-ends-in-
bangladesh-almost/)
ODF Sustainability today Isolated efforts by districts/States

 Swachhta Matdaan: Gujarat

 Swachhta sustainability Award: Chhattisgarh
 Swachhta Event Calendar
ODF-S  Swachhta Navratna
Efforts at  Swachhta Panji
States  Swachhta Adalat: Rohtas, Bihar
 Swachhta Panchayat: ala Pani Panchayat in Gujarat,
Maharashtra

Need for common protocol

 SAFE SANITATION AND PREVENT SLIPPAGE

A. Sanitation Infrastructure B. Management

A1. Retrofitting A2. O&M A3. Upgrades Usage, child excreta,

B1. IEC
hygiene

Single pits Pit emptying Bathrooms B2. Capacity Departments, GPs,

Building frontline workers
Septic tanks
Repairs Accessibility Credit linkage, Pvt.
without soak pits B3. Financing
Sector
Incorrect Slip-backs,
FSM Aspirational
construction B4. Monitoring technology course
correction
B5. Human
Staffing, ToRs
Resources
Skill building, credit, NSDC/NRLM/ Pvt Sector
KRCs, Dev. partners,
B6. Partnerships other govt. depts.,
Pvt. sector
Strategy
Poorly constructed superstructure and substructure that
will discourage use and/or cause environmental damage

A. Sanitation Action item:

Infrastructure
Retrofit plan by district
A1.Retrofitting • Assessment of toilet infrastructure
• Single pits to Twin Pits
• Septic tanks without baffle walls connected to soak pits
• Incomplete superstructures to completion
• Fixing improper junction boxes
• Distance between water source and pit
 • Ensuring maintenance of toilets public, community and institutional
Strategy
toilets
• Enabling households to upkeep necessary maintenance on a
regular basis

A. Sanitation
Infrastructure Action items:

A2. O&M • O&M protocol for public, community and institutional toilets with
responsibility mapping – incl Water and Electricity
• Procure technology-driven pit emptying equipment, eg: gulper,
to be rented/borrowed by households when needed
• Protocol for pit emptying by household/agency Vendor
empanelment at district level
Strategy
Providing environment for households to improve their
infrastructure and aspire

A. Sanitation
Infrastructure

A3. Upgrades
Action items:

• Credit linkage for repairs, constructing bathrooms

• Familiarising with toilet typologies for various
disabilities
Strategy
Post ODF IEC manual focusing on continued usage of
toilets and maintenance by household

B. Management
Action items:
B1. IEC • Focus on Child Excreta Management
• Demystification about use of manure & pit emptying in the form of
training, demonstrations and field trials on farms
• Identifying private service vendors for FSM
• KRC/NGO mapping for IEC, calendar for each GP
• Inform on correct cleaning material for pit toilets, method of
cleaning and emptying
Strategy
Focusing on creating a village level resource team for
monitoring, technology correction, entrepreneurship for
service provision

B. Management Action items:

B2. Capacity • Post ODF CB manual

• Mapping of KRCs to each district with training calendar
Building • Different modules for different stakeholders, training calendar,
mobile academy, Swachh Sangraha, etc
• Training SHGs or unemployed youth in the process of pit emptying
and commercializing of the manure
• Retention of natural leaders through non-monetary methods, eg:
radio talks, cross-visits, recognition
Strategy Conversions: single to twin, soak pits for septic tanks, crucial repairs
Entrepreneurship: FSM, pit emptying
Aspirational: bathrooms, tiles, washbasins
Inclusion: Accessibility for the differently abled, aged, separate
toilets for third gender in PT/CTs, etc.
Water access
B. Management

B3. Financing Some sources:

• 14th Finance Commission supports septage management, SLWM

• Establish credit linkage
• Priority Sector lending
• Aligning with programs like MSRLM, MAVIM or other micro finance
and alternative banking projects
• Options like NABARD or District Lead Bank
Strategy • Usage and slippage
• Precautionary and corrective measures to prevent environmental
degradation
• Unlawful pit/tank emptying

B. Management
Action items:
B4. Monitoring
• Continued follow up by Nigrani Samitis and Swachhagrahis
• FSM vendor empanelment; Regulatory mechanism for sludge
emptying by FSM service providers
• Provision for septage treatment after desludging
• Tracking conversion of single to twin, soak pits, etc
• Social Audit
Strategy
Focusing on institutional capacities required to sustain
ODF outcomes at GP, block, district and State level

B. Management
Action items:
B5. Human
Resources • Creating dedicated Block and Village sanitary inspector roles
• Convergence with other depts. for monitoring ODF-S activities and
pay increment
• ODF-S as part of ACR for functionaries at all levels
• Private Sector engagement for employment, CSR,
entrepreneurship
Strategy Leveraging strengths of other schemes and departments
through convergence and engagement
• KRCs: for third party verification, creating of training modules, trainings
• Private sector for entrepreneurship and generating employment, eg:
scrap dealers, engg colleges, rural marts
• NRLM: Providing replacement supplies, toilet repairs, and pit-emptying
B. Management services
• SIRDs, NIRDs for green campus initiative
B5. Partnerships • Dept of Agriculture: Creating market for compost, leveraging support
from agriculture and fertilizer companies

Action items:

• Develop ToRs, SoPs, SLAs on engagement of private sector

• Encourage Social Entrepreneurship and One Stop Shop: for info,
buying sanitary services, service center, O&M, upgrades, call center
 Category Deliverable
• AIP-S
Policy framework • ODF-S agenda in Gram sabha
• New house construction to include installation of latrines*
Technology • Retrofit plan by States
• Post ODF IEC plan
ODF-S IEC • KRC/NGO mapping and engagement for various verticals
• Sanitation week every year
deliverable at • Post ODF CB plan
State level Capacity
Building
• KRC/NGO mapping and engagement for various verticals
• Preparation and delivery of modules for various actors
• Third party verification
Monitoring
• Social audit at GP level
• Vendor database across value chain
Human
• Annual awards to ODF-S
Resources
• All key HR positions filled
Funding • Convergence plan for additional financing
 Category Deliverable

• Nigrani Samiti engaged atleast for one year after ODF

Gram Sabha
• ODF-S is part of Gram Sabha meetings

ODF-S Technology • Village level assessment for conversion of single pits, etc
deliverable at
GP level • Quarterly awareness programme to households on correct pit
IEC/IPC
emptying/servicing

• Oversee follow up on usage

Monitoring • Ensure new households have latrines
• Ensure illegal dumping of sludge doesn’t take place
  Mid-Dec ‘17 discussion on for draft AIP-S

 AIP-S submission by States, Jan 2018

 Implementation from February

Way forward  MDWS will share AIP template, ODF-S protocol, MIS

 Yellowpages for sanitary service providers, NGOs,

knowledge partners, individuals, etc. – also for cross-
engagement
Personalization = Ownership
Thank you
Spot what’s
wrong

Distance between pits too low; this allows water from

one pit to seep into the other; min distance between
pits is 3ft

Photo Credit: Shrikant M. Navrekar

Spot what’s
wrong

Pit is too deep; ideal depth of circular pit is 4ft; if black

soil, can dig upto one additional foot

Photo Credit: Shrikant M. Navrekar

Spot what’s
wrong

Water source too close to the toilet; water from pit

leaches into nearby ground and contaminates the
surrounding ground water source; ideal distance to be
maintained is more than 10ft
Photo Credit: Shrikant M. Navrekar
Spot what’s
wrong

Pipe connecting toilet pan and pit has a bend; connecting pipes
must be straight, have the required gradient and have no bends; use
of bends makes flushing harder, requires more water and leads to
malfunctioning of the toilet
Photo Credit: Shrikant M. Navrekar
Spot what’s
wrong

Excessive spacing; spaces in the pit are provided for easy passage
of gases and water; excessive holes allow fecal matter to leach as
well; holes should be in alternative layers with number of holes per
layer - 6 to 8; individual hole should be 2 inches wide
Photo Credit: Shrikant M. Navrekar
Spot what’s
wrong

Single pit; there is no scope for change over to another pit when full;
once full people tend to stop using the toilet and start defecating in
the open

Photo Credit: Shrikant M. Navrekar

Spot what’s
wrong

Vent pipe from pit; vent pipe allows passage of gases; in twin pit,
gases pass into soil and so no need for a vent; vent pipe will make
surrounding smell and if not covered will attract flies into the pit.

Photo Credit: Shrikant M. Navrekar

 Need for financing
Household not included in the 2011 survey,
1 new households, households with
dysfunctional toilets - any household not
eligible for the incentive

For households eligible for the incentive:

2 Initial bridge funding until incentive is
released post construction, additional
funding to build bathing facilities, water
storage and better quality toilets

Financing for SMEs, sanitation marts,

3 entrepreneurs involved in infrastructure
creation for water, sanitation, SLWM, FSM

Credit: Water.org
Enabling policy landscape and progress
In 2015, RBI declared household water and sanitation infrastructure as a
category under priority sector (PSL) for banks and RRBs under a new
category ‘social infrastructure’; Toilet construction included as a category
for which SHGs linked to the NRLM/SRLMs can avail loans

1% of current PSL portfolio of banks can release around Rs. 25,000 to Rs.
30,000 crores – around 1.7 crore toilets; 1% of PSL portfolio of RRBs can
release Rs. 1,175 crores of credit – around 8 lakh toilets

Over 12 lakh loans (Rs. 1700 crores) have already been extended, by
banks directly or with the help of last mile partners. These include
SHGs/State Rural Livelihood Missions (SRLMs), Microfinance Institutions
(MFIs) and Banks.

Credit: Water.org
 Products and loan terms

Toilets – new and Water filters, Rain Home pipe water MSMEs,
refurbishing Water Harvesting connections, Entrepreneurs,
with/without bath system storage tanks Marts

• Collateral: No collateral; loans typically made under JLG/SHG for households

• Interest rate: from 10% by Banks to 16-22% through MFIs and SHGs
• Typical tenure: 12 to 24 months; weekly/fortnightly/monthly repayment for household
loans
• Monitoring: visits to ascertain that the asset has been built in case of household loan
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
• Exceptional credit quality: Consistent 99%+ repayment rates
• Income and life enhancing: Time savings, increased privacy, enhanced safety,
reduced expenditure on healthcare and an improved quality of life – improve the
overall lending portfolio quality
• Client profile: 97% of the borrowers for household water and sanitation loans are
women
Credit: Water.org
Channels available for accessing loans

On-lending
MFI Household

Bulk loans
(large ticket sizes; for on-lending to final beneficiary) Entrepreneur/
SMEs/Marts
Banks
Existing SHG/ On-lending SHG/ JLG
and RRBs
JLG group Member
Beneficiary
Individual loans
(directly or through
(small ticket sizes of Rs. 15,000 – Rs. 20,000 per borrower)
SRLMs, payment
banks, BCs, small
finance banks)

Credit: Water.org
Prime Opportunity: Lending through SHGs
• Distinct loan product under PSL guidelines for Water and Sanitation
• Recommended that Banks lend towards water and sanitation through SHG linkage – easy
to implement and scale
• Can be extended as second-cycle loans, after a first cycle of income generating loans
• Can be advanced as a combo loan along with income-generation loans, as they are
income-enhancing
• Potential partners: SHG federations, SHG apex organizations, SRLMs
SRLM/SHG
federation/SHPI
recommends SHGs to
banks
SHGs may add
Lend to 2-3% markup for
Banks/RRBs SHGs group structure Members
and insurance
Bank lends money to the
SHGs at 10-12% p.a.
and lend at 15-
18% p.a.

Post construction of Utilities/SMEs

facility, may/may not create access to
receive incentive from toilets/water
Government connections etc. Credit: Water.org
 Case Study: Dhan Foundation
• Network of 220 SHG
Federations including 50,000
SHGs and 1.5 lakh members
• Rs. 328 crores worth of water
and sanitation loans facilitated;
1.22 lakh families impacted
• Target of Rs. 400 crores to
impact 2.5 lakh families
• Network of SHGs similar to SRLM
• Based on the recommendation of DHAN,
banks lend money to the SHGs at 10-12%
interest
• SHGs after mark up, lend money to borrower
around 15-18%
• Speedy approval and subsidy release
ensured in coordination with SBM
  Allahabad Bank  Kalpatharu Grameen Bank
 Andhra Bank  Karnataka Bank
 Maharashtra Grameen Bank
 Andhra Pradesh Grameen Vikas
 Nagarjuna Grameen Bank
Banks that
Bank
 Punjab National Bank
provided  Baitarani Gramya Bank
 State Bank of Hyderabad
water-  Bank of India
 State Bank of India
sanitation  Bank of Maharashtra
 State Bank of Mysore
loans through  Canara Bank
 State Bank of Travancore
SHG linkages  Corporation Bank
 Syndicate Bank
 ICICI Bank  Union Bank of India
 Indian Bank  United Bank of India
 Indian Overseas Bank  Vijaya Bank
  Social audit as a tool for transparency

Social Audit Eg: Andhra Pradesh established and autonomous

body under the name of Society for Social Audit,
Accountability and Transparency (SSAAT) which is
responsible for facilitating conduct of social audit by
the rural poor.