Advanced Pre-Stressed

Concrete Structures
(APSC)
Course code: 10CV813
NAVEEN B.O.
NIE MYSURU
Class – 1
Introduction
Course code: 10CV813
NAVEEN B.O.
NIE MYSURU
1. Introduction to Civil Engineering
A. Definition of Civil Engineering

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1. Introduction to Civil Engineering
B. Role and Responsibility of a civil engineer in society
Good technical skills and qualification
Ethics and Quality
Use resources efficiently and effectively
Apply professional and responsible judgement and take a leadership
role
Contribute to building a sustainable society, present and future
Good financial and project management skills

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1. Introduction to Civil Engineering
C. Civil engineering applications
Buildings
Bridges
Dams
Roads
Power plants, stadiums, sky scrapers, aerospace structures

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3. Various subjects studied : 46 subjects
1) Building Materials and Construction 10) Transportation Engineering
Technology
11) Environmental Engineering
2) Strength of Materials
12) Design of Steel Structures
3) Surveying
13) Estimation and Valuation
4) Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, irrigation
14) Computer Aided Design
5) Applied Engineering Geology
15) Advanced Concrete Technology
6) Concrete Technology
16) Design and Drawing of Steel Structures
7) Structural Analysis
17) Advanced Pre-stressed Concrete
8) Design and drawing of RCC Structural Structures
Elements
18) Labs and field practices (survey)
9) Geotechnical Engineering

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4. Analysis: What is analysis ?
Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of loads on
physical structures and their components

Structural analysis employs the fields of applied mechanics,

materials science and applied mathematics to compute a structure's
deformations, internal forces, stresses, support reactions,
accelerations, and stability

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4. Analysis: What is analysis ?
The results of the analysis are used to verify a structure's
fitness for use, often precluding physical tests.

Structural analysis is thus a key part of the engineering design

of structures

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4. Analysis : Types
i. Static (Gravity)
ii. Earthquake
iii. Wind
iv. Dynamic analysis
v. Modal analysis

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4. Analysis: Types
vi. Linear Elastic
vii. Non-linear Plastic
viii. Static non-linear analysis
ix. Vibrational analysis
x. Stability analysis

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4. Analysis: Methods - Analytical
1. Mechanics of materials (SOM)
a) Method of section
b) Method of joints etc.
2. Elastic theory approach (Continuum mechanics)

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4. Analysis: Methods - Numerical
1. Finite element method (FEM)
The finite element method approximates a structure as an assembly of
elements or components with various forms of connection between them
and each element of which has an associated stiffness.

Thus, a continuous system such as a plate or shell is modelled as a

discrete system with a finite number of elements interconnected at finite
number of nodes and the overall stiffness is the result of the addition of the
stiffness of the various elements
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4. Analysis: Methods - Numerical
1. Finite element method (FEM)
Regardless of approach, the formulation is based on the same three
fundamental relations: equilibrium, constitutive, and compatibility

The solutions are approximate when any of these relations are only
approximately satisfied, or only an approximation of reality

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4. Design – Why (Necessity)
The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable
probability that the structure will perform satisfactorily during
its life

To avoid failures, save life of peoples.

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4. Design – Why (Necessity)
? Will we directly take the structure and procced for the design

? What is the outcome/objective of any design

To obtain proper structural dimensions

But without dimensions we can’t able to analyse

One common question comes to mind, whether analysis or design

comes first.

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 4. Design – Main objectives
i. To fix the appropriate depth of the section (Depth provided >
Depth required)

ii. Make sure the section is under reinforcement

iii. To find the area of steel (Ast) for the design depth (Check for
minimum reinforcement)

iv. To find Ast we need ultimate moments (Factored moments)

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4. Design – Main objectives
v. Moments are developed due to external loads (Gravity or lateral),
in storage structures it will develop due to pressure exerted due to
material or liquid on the walls

vi. Based on the boundary conditions we have mid-span and support

moments

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4. Design Types
 Working stress method

 Limit state method

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4. Design Types – Working stress
a. In the Working Stress Method (WSM) of design, the first
attainment of yield stress of steel was generally taken to be the
onset of failure as it represents the point from which the actual
behaviour will deviate from the analysis results.

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4. Design Types – Working stress
b. It was ensured that the stresses caused by the working
loads are less than an allowable stress obtained by dividing the
yield stress by a factor of safety.
Yield Stress
Allowable Stress =
Factor of safety

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4. Design Types – Working stress:
Limitations
The major limitation stems from the fact that yielding at any
single point does not lead to failure

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4. Design Types – Limit State
The probability of operating conditions not reaching failure conditions
forms the basis of Limit State Method (LSM)

The Limit State is the condition in which a structure would be considered

to have failed to full-fill the purpose for which it was built.

In general two limit states are considered at the design stage and these are
listed in Table

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4. Design Types – Limit State

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4. Design Types – Limit State
The major innovation in the Limit State Method is the introduction of the
partial safety factor format which essentially splits the factor of safety into
two factors – one for the material and one for the load

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5. Topics studied in PSC – IS 1343
Unit – 1: High Strength concrete and
steel
Unit – 2: Basic principles of PSC – Load
balancing, Pretension and post tension
Unit – 3: Analysis of sections for flexure
– Stresses in steel and concrete, cable
profiles
Unit – 4: Losses of pre-stress, jacking
force
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Unit – 5: Deflection – Short term long
term, effect of creep
Unit – 6: Limit state of collapse: Flexure
Unit – 7: Limit state of collapse: Shear
Unit – 8: Design of end blocks:
Transmission of pre-stress–
Transmission length, bearing stress,
bursting tensile forces, Stresses in end
blocks
25
6. Difference between RCC and PSC
Both utilizes the structural
capabilities of steel and concrete
Concrete is strong in compression,
but relatively weak in tension

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6. Difference between RCC and PSC
Beam supports a load by developing
compressive stresses at the top, but
the concrete cannot resist the tension
at the bottom, it cracks here

hence reinforcement bars are placed

in tension zone to resist the tension
and control the cracking

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6. Difference between RCC and PSC
In ordinary concrete beam the tensile
stress at the bottom are taken by
standard steel reinforcement

But we still get cracking, which is due

to both bending and shear

In prestressed concrete, because the

prestressing keeps the concrete in
compression, no cracking occurs
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7.1 Fundamentals of PSC : Concept
 The classical example of prestressing
is lifting a row of books, which can be
lifted by squeezing the ends together

Beam of books cannot even carry their

own weight, hence we provide an
external stress (the pre-stress) that
compresses the book together

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7.1 Fundamentals of PSC : Concept
 The classical example of prestressing
is lifting a row of books, which can be
lifted by squeezing the ends together

Beam of books cannot even carry their

own weight, hence we provide an
external stress (the pre-stress) that
compresses the book together

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7.1 Fundamentals of PSC : Concept
 Now the row of books can only
separate if the tensile stress induced by
the self-weight of the books is greater
than the compressive pre-stress
introduced

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7.2 Prestressed concrete
 Prestressed concrete is a form of A prestressed concrete structure is
concrete used in construction which is different from a conventional
"pre-stressed" by being placed under reinforced concrete structure due to
compression prior to supporting any the application of an initial load on the
loads beyond its own dead weight. structure prior to its use

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7.2 Prestressed concrete

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7.3 Method of prestressing
 The tendons are tensioned prior to the concrete being cast

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7.3 Method of prestressing
 The tendons are tensioned prior to the concrete being cast

After concrete is cast, concrete bonds to the tendons as it cures, following which
the end-anchoring of the tendons is released

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7.3 Method of prestressing
 The tendon tension forces are transferred to the concrete as compression by static
friction

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7.3 Method of prestressing

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7.3 Method of post-tensioning
Post-tensioned concrete is a variant of prestressed concrete where the
tendons are tensioned after the surrounding concrete structure has been cast

The tendons are not placed in direct contact with the concrete, but are
encapsulated within a protective sleeve or duct

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7.3 Method of post-tensioning

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7.3 Anchorages in post-tensioning
At each end of a tendon an
anchorage assembly is firmly fixed
to the surrounding concrete, the
anchorages must resist the
bursting forces

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7.3 Anchorages in post-tensioning
Once the concrete has been cast
and set, the tendons are tensioned
("stressed") by pulling the tendon
ends through the anchorages
while pressing against the
concrete

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7.3 Anchorages in post-tensioning
The large forces required to
tension the tendons result in a
significant permanent
compression being applied to the
concrete once the tendon is
"locked-off" at the anchorage

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International Commerce Centre, Hong Kong 484 m (2010) St George Wharf, London 181m 2014

7.4 Application of prestressed

concrete

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Ocean Heights 2, Dubai 335m 2016 Incheon Bridge, South Korea

7.4 Application of prestressed

concrete

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8. Over view of APSC
Unit – 1: Anchorage zone stress in Post tensioned members - Investigations

Unit – 2: Shear and torsional resistance – Design of shear and torsion

reinforcement

Unit – 3: Composite beams – Design for flexural and shear strength

Unit – 4: Tension members – Ties, Pressure pipes and cylindrical containers

Unit – 5: Statically indeterminate structures – Design of continuous beams

and portal frames
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8. Over view of APSC
Unit – 6: Compression members – Long column, short column and biaxial
loaded column

Unit – 7: Slab and grid floors – Analysis and design of one way, two way flat
slabs and grid floors

Unit – 8: Precast structural elements – Poles, Railway sleepers, concrete

pavement slabs and panels - manufacturing techniques, design principles
analysis

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9. Text Books/References
 Design of Prestressed concrete structures – Lin T.Y. and H. Burns – John Wiley &
Sons, 1982

Prestressed concrete – N. Krishna Raju – Tata McGraw-Hill, 3rd edition, 1995

Prestressed concrete structures – P. Dayaratnam – Oxford & IBH, 5th

Edition,1991.

Prestressed concrete – G.S. Pandit and S.P. Gupta – CBS Publishers

IS: 1343:1980

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