A.

General forms of Research

1. Scientific
2. Research in Humanities • -is a research method that seeks
3. Artistic research to explain naturally occurring
phenomena in the natural world
by generating credible theories.
• It is a systematic process that
involves formulating hypothesis,
testing prediction using relevant
data and other scientific
methods, and finally coming up
with a theory. As such this study
requires rational and statistical
 A. General forms of Research
1. Scientific
2. Research in Humanities
• -seeks to define
3. Artistic the purpose of
research
human existence by tapping into
historical facts and future
possibilities. While studies on
natural and social sciences
required hard evidence to draw
conclusions, this form of research
derive explanation from human
experiences that cannot be
simply measured by facts and
figures alone.
 A. General forms of Research
• Provides alternative approaches to established concepts by conducting practical methods as substitute for
fundamental and theoretical ones. The main purpose of this form of research is to expound the current and
1. Scientific
accepted concepts and open them to further interpretation. As such, the word “artistic” does not solely refer to the
arts but rather to the kind of approach a researcher assumes in this type of research. This research generates new
2. Research in Humanities
knowledge through artistic practices such as defining new concepts, creating new processes, and devising new
methods.
3. Artistic research
Patricia Leavy addresses eight arts-based research (ABR) genres:
narrative inquiry,
fiction-based research,
poetry,
music,
dance,
theatre,
film, and
visual art.
A. General forms of Research
1. Scientific
2. Research in Humanities
3. Artistic research

Whichever is followed by the

researcher, the true goal of any
research remains the same-
to further the current
established knowledge on
different areas of study.
B. The two broad categories of research methodology
1. Quantitative Research 2. Qualitative Research
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:

Aims to characterize trends -involves processes, feelings, and motives (the why’s and
the how’s) and produces in depth and holistic data.
usually starts with neither a theory nor hypothesis about -usually concerned with generating hypothesis from data
the relationship between two or more variables rather than testing a hypothesis
Uses structured research instruments like questionnaires or Uses either unstructured or semi-structured instruments
schedules
uses large sample sizes that are representative of the uses small sample size chosen purposely
population
has a high output replicability has a high validity

used to gain greater understanding of group similarities used to gain greater understanding of individual differences
in terms of feelings, motives and experiences
uses structured processes uses more flexible process

methods includes census, survey, experiments and Methods includes field research, case study, and secondary
secondary analysis. analysis.
A. General forms of Research
1. Scientific
• -is a research method that seeks to explain naturally occurring
phenomena in the natural world by generating credible theories.
• It is a systematic process that involves formulating hypothesis, testing
prediction using relevant data and other scientific methods, and finally
coming up with a theory. As such this study requires rational and
statistical evidence to draw conclusion.
2. Research in Humanities
• -seeks to define the purpose of human existence by tapping into
historical facts and future possibilities. While studies on natural and
social sciences required hard evidence to draw conclusions, this form of
research derive explanation from human experiences that cannot be
simply measured by facts and figures alone.
 A. General forms of Research
3. Artistic research
• Provides alternative approaches to established concepts by conducting
practical methods as substitute for fundamental and theoretical ones.
The main purpose of this form of research is to expound the current and
accepted concepts and open them to further interpretation. As such,
the word “artistic” does not solely refer to the arts but rather to the
kind of approach a researcher assumes in this type of research. This
research generates new knowledge through artistic practices such as
defining new concepts, creating new processes, and devising new
methods.
Whichever is followed by the researcher, the true goal of any research
remains the same- to further the current established knowledge on different
areas of study.
B. Research Design
It enables the researcher to organize the
components of his or her research in an orderly and
coherent manner. This will ensure that the research
or study will effectively address the research topic
or problem.

The research design is also a template for the

collection, measurement, and analysis of data.

The research problem determine the research

design that will be used in the study.
B. Research Design
Having well develop research design will enable the researcher to
achieve the following:

1. Clearly identify and describe the research problem or topic, and

justify the selection of the appropriate design to be used

2. Review and synthesize previous studies and literature related to the

topic

3. Clearly identify hypotheses that are significant to the problem

4. Determine the data necessary to test the hypotheses and explain

how the data will be explained

5. Describe the methods of analysis that will be used on the data

gathered in order to evaluate the hypotheses of the study.
B. Research Design
It enable the researcher to organize the components of his or her research in an
orderly and coherent manner. This will ensure that the research or study will
effectively address the research topic or problem.

The research design is also a template for the collection, measurement, and analysis
of data.

The research problem determine the research design that will be used in the study.
B. Research Design
Having well developed research design will enable the researcher to achieve the
following:

1. Clearly identify and describe the research problem or topic, and justify the selection
of the appropriate design to be used

2. Review and synthesize previous studies and literature related to the topic

3. Clearly identify hypotheses that are significant to the problem

4. Determine the data necessary to test the hypotheses and explain how the data will
be explained

5. Describe the methods of analysis that will be used on the data gathered in order to
evaluate the hypotheses of the study.
 B. Research Design
Examples of research designs includes:

1. Action research
2. Causal Design
3. Descriptive design
4. Experimental design
5. Exploratory design
6. Cohort design
7. Cross-sectional design
8. Longitudinal design
9. Sequential design
10. Mixed-method design
C. Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods

The two broad categories of research methodology:

1. Qualitative Research
2. Quantitative Research
 C. Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods
• The research methods determines the approach the researcher takes in identifying
relevant data for the research, and collecting and analyzing the information gathered in
the research.

• Choosing either quantitative or qualitative approach will affect the components of the
research.

• For instance, a researcher may choose to undertake a scientific research. If he or she

takes qualitative approach, the goal of the study will be to discuss and analyze the
underlying concepts and theories related to the research topic.

• If the researcher chooses a quantitative approach, he or she will use statistical data to
provide an explanation of the phenomenon.
 D. Quantitative Research
• ‘traditional positivist scientific method which refers to general set of orderly,
disciplined procedures to acquire information” (Polit and Beck (2004)). In their book,
Nursing Research Principle and Methods, they explained that the research methods
utilizes deductive reasoning to generate predictions that are tested in the real world.
It is systematic since the researcher progresses.

• Logically through a series of steps, according to pre-specified plan of action.

• -it gathers empirical evidence that is within the realm of senses. The methods used in
analysis of data usually statistical in nature. Thus, the resulting information from the
study is usually quantitative or measurable.

• Furthermore, another criterion used in assessing the data in this kind of study is its
capability to generalize the effect of the results to the individuals outside of the study
participants.
D. Quantitative Research
Disadvantages of Quantitative research:
• Quantitative research is considered to be limiting when it comes to studying the
complex and diverse mind of human beings. This is because quantitative research can
only explain small fraction of the human experience (e.g., behavioral impulses and
varying personal preferences).

• In quantitative research, this human complexities are usually controlled or removed

entirely instead of being analyzed. The inflexible and narrow vision of quantitative
research tends to present the human experience in a restricted manner.
 D. Qualitative Research
• “naturalistic method of inquiry of research which with the issues of human complexity by
exploring it directly” ” (Polit and Beck, 2008).

• Unlike quantitative research, qualitative research puts an emphasis on human complexity

and man’s ability to decide and create his or her own experience.

• This type of research utilizes naturalistic methods of inquiry as the research places great
emphasis on the analysis of the experiences of the individual.

• This type of research attempt to explain the human experience with its dynamic, holistic,
and individualistic aspects through the perspective of the individual himself.

• This type make use of qualitative materials that are narrative and subjective.
 D. Qualitative Research
• Qualitative research focuses on gaining insights and understanding about an individual’s
perception and interpretation of events.

• This type of research collects data through methods such as interviews and participative
observations.

• The researcher is not limited by existing theories but is rather open-minded to new ideas
and points of view.

• The researcher does not have to be concerned with numbers and complicated statistical
analysis.
 D. Qualitative Research
Limitations of qualitative research:
• The major limitation of this model is its reductionist nature.

• It tends to reduce human experience to just few concepts under investigation, which are
defined in advance by the researcher rather than the experience of the respondents.

• Another limitation of this research involves the subjective nature of naturalistic inquiry,
which sometimes causes concerns about the nature of the conclusions of the study.

• Polit and Beck (2008) poses the question, “Would two naturalistic researcher studying the
same phenomenon in similar settings arrive in similar conclusions?”
• They added that most naturalistic research studies usually utilize a small group of people as
subjects. This makes the findings from such naturalistic methods questionable, as opposed
to those of the quantitative research.