Glycolysis

Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Oxidative Phosphorylation
 Cell cycle
• Process involved in the growth and proliferation of cells,
organismal development, regulation of DNA repair, tissue
hyperplasia, and disease
 Cells in a non-actively
cycling phase

Prepares the cell

Prepares the cell
for replication
for cell division
Inactivated cdks = NO mitosis
Cyclins = contains nuclear localization signals
In general, before a cell
can enter the next phase,
the previous cyclin is
FIRST degraded,
BEFORE the next cyclin
is synthesized.
Point of
NO RETURN!
M phase
Interphase VS Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase VS Telophase
Plant Morpho-Anatomy
 Tissue System Tissues Cell Types
Ground tissues Parenchyma tissue Parenchyma cells
system Collenchyma tissue Collenchyma cells
Sclerenchyma tissue Sclrenchyma cells

Vascular tissue Xylem Tracheids, vessels

system elements,
parenchyma cells,
fibers
Phloem Seive-tubes,
parenchyma cells
Dermal tissue Epidermis Parenchyma cells,
system trichomes
Periderm Cork cells, Cork
cambium
Parenchyma cells
• Secretion
• Storage
• Photosynthesis
Collenchyma cells
• Support
 Sclerenchyma cells
• Support
ROOTS
Root System Organization
 In summary:
I. Two types of root systems exist in plants.
II. The main function of roots are anchorage,
absorption, storage
III. Roots have several unique characteristics
IV. Primary root possess an outer protective
covering (epidermis), ground tissues (cortex),
vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
V. There are structural difference between a
monocot and herbaceous dicot roots
VI. Roots may modify for a specialized function
VII. Roots always form associations with others
organisms
 STEM

Lenticels
Herbaceous VS Dicot stem
Herbaceous
Dicot
Monocot stem (vascular bundle)
 Older leaf

Leaf Primordia

Apical meristem

Trichome

Bud primordium
Modified stems
 Aerial Modified Stem
• TENDRILS
 Aerial Modified Stem

• THORN
 Aerial Modified Stem

• RUNNER/STOLON
 Aerial Modified Stem

• CLADOPHYLL
 Subterranean Modified Stem
• RHIZOME
 Subterranean Modified Stem

• TUBER
 Subterranean Modified Stem

• CORM
 Subterranean Modified Stem

• BULB
 In summary:
• The main functions of stem are support, conduction and production
of new stem

• Woody stems exemplify the external parts of a stem

• A herbaceous stem consists of an epidermis, vascular tissues and

ground tissues

• Although herbaceous stems have the same basic tissues, tissue

ARRANGEMENT varies

• Secondary growth occurs in woody dicots

• Many stems are specialized to suit the environment of the plant

LEAF
 Palisade mesophyll

Upper Cuticle
epidermis

Spongy mesophyll

Xylem

Vascular bundle/ Midrib

Phloem
Lower epidermis
 Transpiration/ (Guttation)
• Temperature

• Light

• Wind/Air
• Importance:
1. Plant sweating
2. Mineral sufficiency
Leaf Modifications
 In summary:
I. Leaves exhibit the greatest variation in plant organs

II. Leaf structure is adapted for its primary function, photosynthesis

III. Monocot and dicot leaves can be distinguished on the basis of external
and internal strictures

IV. Stomata opens at day and closes at night. However, several factors also
affect its closing and opening

V. Transpiration is the loss of water vapor in plants

VI. Guttation is the release of water from leaves due to root pressure

VII. Leafs may be modified for other functions other than photosynthesis