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Two Hemispheres
•Medulla
controls heartbeat
and breathing
•Pons
–‘Bridge’
–Coordinates movement • Reticular Formation
–Involved in sleep, arousal, facial • this portion of the brain is responsible for mood,
expression arousal and sleep
•The neurons here are the source of most
serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain
Cats and the reticular formation
If you stimulate the reticular
formation you are almost
instantly alert
White matter
• Grey matter
Myelin on the nerve • part of the brain that is
fibers (axons) makes controlled by the nerve
it white cell bodies and the
majority of the true
Fatty insulators dendrites
speed • Grey because the the
communication – neuronal nuclei and
one of the type of somas and dendrites
glial cells don’t have fatty myelin
• Does the real processing
Subcortical Structures: Limbic System
between the old stuff and the cerebral hemispheres
• Amgydala
•Two almond/lima bean shaped
clusters
•Involved in identifying,
remembering and responding to
fear and aggression
• Hypothalamus
• Hippocampus
• Pituitary
The placid cat had its amygdala
stimulated
Placement matters
Amygdala removed…
Subcortical Structures: Limbic System
between the old stuff and the cerebral hemispheres
•Amygdala
•Hypothalamus
• Monitors and influences hunger,
thirst, body temperature and even
our sexual behavior
• Maintains a steady internal state
•4F behaviours: feeding, fleeing,
fighting and fornicating
•Secretes hormones and triggers
the pituitary
• Hippocampus
• Pituitary
Subcortical Structures: Limbic System
between the old stuff and the cerebral hemispheres
•Amygdala
•Hypothalamus
•Hippocampus
• involved in the processing of
memory (especially long-term)
•Damage here results in
profound impairments in forming
new memories
• Pituitary
• A.k.a.The Master Gland
Influences hormone release by other
glands
Two Hemispheres
Lateralization
There is localization of
function
The areas of the cerebral
cortex fall into three
categories: Sensory, motor
and Association
Localization of function
Sensory
◦ Processes incoming information from the sensory systems
(eg. vision or smell)
Motor
◦ Provides highest level of voluntary control over movement
Association
◦ Helps build bridges between sensation and action,
language, and abstract thought
The Cerebral Cortex
is divided into four lobes
• Frontal lobe
• involved in speaking, muscle
movements, thinking and
planning
• Temporal lobe
•includes the auditory areas
• Parietal lobe
• includes the sensory cortex
•Occipital lobe
• includes the visual area that
receives information from eyes
Auditory and Visual Cortex
Association Areas
Association areas are
areas of the cortex that
are not involved in primary
motor or sensory functions