Analogies among Mass, Heat,

and Momentum Transfer

 Analogies

Heat  Mass  (sometimes) Momentum

Analogies are useful tools

1. An aid to understand transfer phenomena

2. A sound means to predict behavior of systems for
which limited quantitative data are available
 Molecular Transport Equations
RECALL:
driving force
rate of transport =
resistance
d(v x  ) qy d(  c p T) dcA
 yx     J  DAB
*
Ay
dy A dy dy

MOMENTUM HEAT MASS

Newton’s law Fourier’s law Fick’s law
 Analogous quantities
in transport phenomena
 Reynolds Analogy
The general transport equation can be written in the form

𝑑Γ
𝜓 =− 𝛿+𝐸
𝑑𝑥
where ψ = flux of a property at any value of x
δ = molecular diffusivity
E = eddy diffusivity
Г = volume concentration of transferent property
Turbulent diffusion equations
 Transfer coefficient for momentum
In cylindrical geometry,
𝑑Γ
𝜓 =− 𝛿+𝐸
𝑑𝑟
Integrating the above equation and multiplying by A to get a rate
equation,
𝛿 + 𝐸ത
𝜓𝐴 = −4 (Γ1 − Γത)𝐴
𝛾𝐷
where A = cross-sectional area perpendicular to flow
𝐸ത = mean eddy diffusivity
Γ −Γ
𝛾 = 1 = ratio of the difference in concentration of transferent property
Γ1 −Γ0
between the wall and the mean value and the mean value of the
fluid to the maximum difference between the wall and the center
D = diameter
 Transfer coefficient for momentum

𝛿 + 𝐸ത
𝜓𝐴 = −4 (Γ1 − Γത)𝐴
𝛾𝐷

The transfer coefficient is then defined as

𝛿 + 𝐸ത
𝜑 = −4
𝛾𝐷
Substituting and rearranging,

Γ1 − Γത
𝜓𝐴 = −
1
𝜑𝐴
 Transfer coefficient for momentum

𝛿 + 𝐸ത
𝜓𝐴 = −4 (Γ1 − Γത)𝐴
𝛾𝐷

The transfer coefficient is then defined as

𝛿 + 𝐸ത
𝜑 = −4
𝛾𝐷
Substituting and rearranging,

Γ1 − Γത
𝜓𝐴 = −
1
𝜑𝐴
Transfer coefficient for momentum
Γ1 − Γത
𝜓𝐴 = −
1
𝜑𝐴

For momentum transfer,

𝜓=𝜏 Γ = 𝜌𝑣

𝜏 = −𝜑 [𝜌𝑣1 − 𝜌𝑣]ҧ
Transfer coefficient for momentum

𝜏 = −𝜑 [𝜌𝑣1 − 𝜌𝑣]ҧ If we divide by 𝑣,ҧ

At the wall, v1 = 0 so that, 𝑓 𝜑 𝜏

= = 2
2 𝑣ҧ 𝜌𝑣ҧ
𝜏 = 𝜑 𝜌𝑣ҧ

𝜏
𝜑=
𝜌𝑣ҧ
 The Reynolds analogy
For turbulent transport,
For heat transfer,

For momentum transfer,

We assume that α and μ/ρ are negligible, and that 𝛼𝑡 = 𝜖𝑡

 The Reynolds analogy
Dividing the momentum equation by the heat equation then gives

𝑇 𝑣𝑎𝑣
𝜏
𝑞 𝑐𝑝 න 𝑑𝑇 = න 𝑑𝑣
𝑇𝑖 0
𝐴
 The Reynolds analogy

𝑞 2
Substituting = ℎ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑖 and 𝜏𝑠 = 𝑓𝑣𝑎𝑣 𝜌/2
𝐴
The Reynolds analogy

Stanton number

𝑁𝑁𝑢 f
𝑁𝑆𝑡 = =
𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑁𝑃𝑟 2
 Dimensionless Groups

Dim. Group Ratio Equation

molecular diffusivity of momentum / 𝑐𝑃 𝜇
Prandtl, Pr molecular diffusivity of heat 𝑘
ν
Schmidt, Sc momentum diffusivity/ mass diffusivity
𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝛼
Lewis, Le thermal diffusivity/ mass diffusivity
𝐷𝐴𝐵
ℎ
Stanton, St heat transferred/ thermal capacity
𝑐𝑝 𝜌𝑣ҧ
 The Reynolds analogy

f h
=
2 cp 𝜌𝑣ҧ

Experimental results show that the above equation

1. Correlate data approximately for gases in turbulent flow
2. DOES NOT correlate experimental data for liquids in turbulent flow
3. DOES NOT correlate experimental data for any fluids in laminar flow

* 0.6 < NPr for gases < 2.5

It was concluded that the Reynolds analogy is valid ONLY at NPr = 1

 The Reynolds analogy
In a similar manner,
we can relate mass transfer with momentum transfer

For turbulent transport

And the complete Reynolds analogy is

 The Reynolds analogy

f 𝑘𝑐′
=
2 𝑣ҧ

Experimental results show that the above equation

1. Correlate data approximately for gases in turbulent flow
2. DOES NOT correlate experimental data for liquids in turbulent flow
3. DOES NOT correlate experimental data for any fluids in laminar flow

* NSc for gases ~ 1.0

It was concluded that the Reynolds analogy is valid ONLY at NSc = 1

 The Reynolds analogy

CONCLUSIONS
1. At NPr = NSc = 1, the mechanisms for mass, heat, and momentum
are identical
2. For other fluids, transfer processes differ in some manner
functionally related to the Pr and Sc numbers.
 The Reynolds analogy
Note that the Reynolds analogy assumes that
1. the turbulent diffusivities are equal and
2. the molecular diffusivities are negligible.

When are these assumptions not valid?

1. For other fluids, where 𝑁𝑃𝑟 ≠ 𝑁𝑆𝑐 ≠ 1

 usually the case for liquids
2. We CANNOT neglect molecular diffusivities
 in the boundary layer where diffusion, conduction, and viscosity
are important