Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.

,VCET Puttur
 It must be possible to make long, thin , flexible fibers from the material.
 The material must be transparent at a particular optical length in order for
the fiber to guide light efficiently.
 Physically compatible materials that have slightly different refractive
indices for the core and cladding must be available .

Materials that satisfy these requirements are glasses and plastic.

Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET

Puttur
 The largest category of optically transparent glasses from which optical
fibers are made consists of oxide glasses.
 Most common is silica.
 Inorder to produce two similar materials that have slightly different indices
of refraction of the core and cladding.
 Dopants are B2O3, GeO2 and P2O3

Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET

Puttur
 Resistance to deformation at higher temperature
 Low thermal expansion
 Good chemical durabilty
 High transparency in both visible and IR regions.

Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET

Puttur
 Incorporating rare earth elements.
 Gives new optical and magnetic properties.
 Perform amplification, attenuation and phase retardation.

 Two commonly used are Erbium and neodymium.

 Ionic concentration is low, avoids clustering effects.

 Used as active glass fibers.

Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET

Puttur
 PMMA and POF are used as the core, with refractive indices of 1.49 and 1.59
respectively.
 Generally, fiber cladding is made of silicon resin (refractive index ~1.46).
 High refractive index difference is maintained between core and cladding.
 High numerical aperture.
 Have high mechanical flexibility and low cost.
 Industry-standard (IEC 60793-2-40 A4a.2) step-index fiber has a core diameter
of 1mm.
 Attenuation loss is about 1dB @ 650 nm.
 Bandwidth is ~5 MHz-km @ 650 n

Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET

Puttur
Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET
Puttur
Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET
Puttur
 Used to produce very low loss graded index fibers

Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET

Puttur
FIBER CABLE STRUCTURE

Outer sheath

Yarn strength member

Paper/plastic binding tape

Polyurethane /PVC jacket

Basic fiber building block

Insulated copper conductor

Buffered strength member

Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET

Puttur
 A steel wire-reinforcing electric cables and used as strength member.
 Plastic strength members and high tensile strength synthetic yarn is used.
 A popular yarn is Kevlar , soft but tough yellow synthetic nylon material
belonging to a generic yarn family known as aramids.
 A cable wrapping tape and Kevlar encapsulated and binds the fiber
groupings together.

 A tough polymer JACKET provides crush resistance and handle any high
tensile stress applied to the cable.
 The jacket provides against abrasion, moisture , oil, solvent and
contaminants.

Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET

Puttur
Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET
Puttur
Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET
Puttur
 High fiber packing density as well as ease of connectorization can be
obtained.
 Loose tube fiber optic cables are the most widely used cables for outside
plant trunks i.E. Outdoor applications
 They offer the best protection for the fibers under high pulling tensions and
can be easily protected from moisture with water-blocking gel or tapes.
 These cables are composed of several fibers together inside a small plastic
tube.
 The loose buffer tube offers lower cable attenuation from microbending

Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET

Puttur
Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET
Puttur
 The fibers are enclosed in tubes which are stranded around a central
strength prior to the application of a polymeric sheath, thus providing large
fiber strain relief.
 Each fiber is individually encapsulated within its own plastic buffer
structure.
 Construction feature contributes to the excellent moisture and temperature
performance.
 Permits direct termination with the connectors.
 The tight buffer construction permits smaller, lighter weight designs for
similar fiber configuration, and generally yields a more flexible, crush
resistant cable.

Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET

Puttur
Speciality fiber type
Erbium doped fiber
Photosensitive fiber
Bend insensitive fiber
Termination fiber
Polarization preserving fiber
Photonic crystal fiber
Application
Gain medium for optical amplifiers
Fabrication of Bragg gratings
Tightly looped connections in device
packages
Termination of open optical fiber ends
Pump lasers , polarization-sensitive
devices , sensors, signal modulators
Sensors
Nandini Rao G, EC Dept.,VCET
Puttur