CH1-GSM - Global System For Mobile Communication

GSM – GLOBAL SYSTEM
FOR
MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
BY:
ENG. Waleed Elsafoury
Copyright © 2013 Waleed Elsafoury
HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
- CONTENT
- communication systems overview
- Introduction to Cellular Fundamentals
- Network Architecture
- GSM Air Interface
- Digital Mobile Elements
- GSM Network Protocols
- Understanding GPRS & EDGE
• Communication
systems
Voice Communications
Basic Communications System Elements
● Source
● Destination
● Transmission Medium
Transmission Medium
Source Destination
• Transmission Medium
Transmission Medium
Wired Wireless
Long Distance Communications
Telecommunication is the
process of long distance
communications.
Early telecommunications
involved smoke, flags,
drums, and other such
methods
to relay messages and
information.
Telegraph
The first wire line communications was the telegraph. Invented in
the mid 19th
century, it opened a new era in long-distance telecommunication.
Telephone
When we talk over the telephone, our voice is converted to a
electronic signal by
the microphone in the handset. This signal is then transmitted
over telephone wires.
Telephone Networks Early Switching Devices

Switches are devices that cause a connection between two
transmitting/receiving devices.
Modern Switching Devices
Today many different types of automated switches are used
which make it possible for fast placement of calls.
Wired VS Wireless
• Losses
• Mobility
• Security
• Bandwidth
• Cost
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
Transition from analog to digital

• Capacity
• Cost
• Quality
• Security
1000 110 1101 100

0100 101 1011 010
G = H =
0010 011 0111 001
0001 111
D = ( 1 0 1 1 )
C = D G = ( 1 0 1 1 : 0 0 1 ( THIS IS SENT OVER THE CHANNEL
CHECK AT THE RECIVER
S = C H T
= ( 0 0 0 )
IF WE RECIVER ERROR AT BIT No. 5 C = ( 1 0 0 1 : 0 0 1 )
S = C H T
= ( 1 0 1 ) = 5
 Some techniques used in wireless communication:
 FDM
 TDM
 FDMA
 TDMA
FDM
TDM
FDMA
 FDMA is the division of each bandwidth (RX,TX) into
many frequency bands (channels)
Frequency
TDMA
 It allows several users to share the same radio frequency (RF)
by dividing it into different timeslots
Frequency
Time
TDMA/FDMA
Frequency
Time
• Types of telephones
Fixed (PSTN) telephones
Cordless Telephones
Handset The base
Mobile Telephones
Modes OF Transmission in wireless
 Simplex communication system

 Example:
 Television , radio
TX Communication is possible in one direction only RX

 Half – Duplex communication system

 Example :
 Police radio
Two-way communication on the same channel.

TX+RX At any given time a user can only transmit or receive TX +RX
 Full – Duplex communication system

 Example :
 GSM mobile radio
• simultaneous two-way communication
TX+RX • Two simultaneous but separate channels are TX +RX

provided for communication to and from the
terminals
Simple growth was the single transmitting/receiving station
- heavy, bulky and expensive

- no switching between regions
High
- low quality transmitted
- limited capacity Up link
power
- rapid market saturation

- power hungry transceiver
- power level was not safe Down
link
MS
First generation cellular system

- Introduction of analog cellular systems in the late
1970s and 1980s
- analog system
- incompatible systems
- limited to voice service
- no encryption
- FM modulation
- FDMA transmission technology
- suffer from capacity saturation
1G Frequency Bands
820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960
MCS Downlink Uplink
925
885
NMT 900 Uplink Downlink
915 935
AMPS/
Uplink Downlink
NAMPS
824 849 869 894
TACS Uplink Downlink
905 935
JTACS/ Downlink Uplink

NTACS
885 925
820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960
MHz
Systems of first generation
Year of Access Mode/

System Introduction Region Modulation
MCS-L2 1988 (1979) Japan FDMA/PM
NMT 450 1981 Scandinavia FDMA/FM
NMT 900 1986 Scandinavia FDMA/FM
AMPS 1983 North America FDMA/FM
NAMPS 1991 North America FDMA/FM
TACS 1985 United Kingdom FDMA/FM
ETACS 1988 United Kingdom FDMA/FM
JTACS 1989 Japan FDMA/FM
NTACS 1991 Japan FDMA/FM
C450 1985 Germany FDMA/FM
RadioCom 1985 France FDMA/FM
Second Generation cellular system

- Introduction of digital cellular systems (90’s)
- development of unified international standard for
mobile communications
- pan-national roaming
- digital encryption
- enhanced range of services (data + voice)
- low power consumption
- light weight, compact and pocket size terminals
- TDMA transmission technology
- huge capacity
- WORLDWIDE GSM NETWORKS IN SERVICE

Third generation cellular system
- Multimedia services
- W-CDMA transmission technology
- Large BW
- Higher Bit Rate
- More Services
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
Cluster size=7
• Cell shape
Area Map
Elevations
Traffic Distribution
Simulation
Design parameters Effect
Drive Test
(Optimization )
Drive Test readings
cell sectorization
cell sectorization
Sector 1
Sector 3
Sector 2
F1
F1 F1
F1
F1 F1
F1
cell sectorization
Sector 1
Sector 6 Sector 2
Sector 5 Sector 3
Sector 4
cell sectorization
cell sectorization
adaptive power control

- as cellular mobile moves power seen at Bs changed
- so we use adaptive power control to maintain it
P2
P1
cell types
- macrocell
- microcell
- picocell
Very small cells

BS
Microcell
Macrocell BS
Microcell
BS
Pico Cell
Global
Subur
ban Urban
& In-building
rural
Pico-Cell
SatelliteMacro-CellMicro-CellPico-Cell
cell splitting
- as traffic load increases in a cell
- to increase channels designer tend to split cell into
smaller cells
- R decrease Dc decrease so more capacity
channel allocation techniques
- Fixed channel assignment technique (less Ts)
- dynamic channel assignment technique (largest Ts)
- hybrid channel assignment technique (Improved)
1-9 7,8,9
2,5,8
2,5
1,4,7
1,4
3,6,9 3,6
Fixed Dynamic Hybrid

channel characteristics
- Multipath fading



- It gives a Rayleigh fading distribution

- Rayleigh fading is frequency selective
• To overcome multipath fading we use :

- Microscopic diversity and combining techniques
- Frequency hopping
- Error correction
- Interleaving technique
- adaptive power control

- Microscopic diversity techniques :

1-Time diversity technique
2-Frequency diversity technique

3-Space diversity technique

-Space diversity technique

- Combining techniques :
1-Selective technique
2-Maximal ratio technique
3-Equal gain technique comparator
Receiver
- Shadow fading
-The Solution of this problem by using Macroscopic
Diversity By selecting a BS which is not shadowed when
others are.
- Doppler shift
- +ve if the mobile moves toward the BS
- -ve if the mobile moves away from the BS
- The Doppler frequency shift should be compensated so that
a correct frequency synchronization is achieved .
- Co-channel interference
Dc
- Adjacent channel interference
Signal level (dB)
Filter
Adjacent channel interference Frequency

Required ch.
- Channel management
7,14,21
6,13,20 2,9,16
1,8,15
5,12,19 3,10,17
Amplitude 4,11,18
Frequency (MHz)
- Delay Spread (Time dispersion)
- Due to multipath fading
- To overcome this we use delay equalizer

Path 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
Path 2



1 2 3 4 5 6
- Distance between MS and BS
- This makes Time alignment Problem
- To overcome this system should respond to this delay
T1 T2 T3
B
A
- Path loss
Pr α Pt
Signal level (dB)
Rβ
β=3~4
Distance
- Combined signal loss
Signal
level (dB) Path loss
Rayleigh fading
Shadowing
Log d

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GSM – GLOBAL SYSTEM

Basic Communications System Elements

Long Distance Communications

Telephone Networks Early Switching Devices

Transition from analog to digital

1000 110 1101 100

C = D G = ( 1 0 1 1 : 0 0 1 ( THIS IS SENT OVER THE CHANNEL

CHECK AT THE RECIVER

 Some techniques used in wireless communication:

Fixed (PSTN) telephones

Handset The base

Modes OF Transmission in wireless

 Simplex communication system

TX Communication is possible in one direction only RX

 Half – Duplex communication system

Two-way communication on the same channel.

 Full – Duplex communication system

• simultaneous two-way communication

TX+RX • Two simultaneous but separate channels are TX +RX

Simple growth was the single transmitting/receiving station

- heavy, bulky and expensive

- rapid market saturation

First generation cellular system

MCS Downlink Uplink

NMT 900 Uplink Downlink

TACS Uplink Downlink

JTACS/ Downlink Uplink

Systems of first generation

Year of Access Mode/

Second Generation cellular system

- WORLDWIDE GSM NETWORKS IN SERVICE

Third generation cellular system

- W-CDMA transmission technology

- Higher Bit Rate

adaptive power control

Very small cells

- dynamic channel assignment technique (largest Ts)

- hybrid channel assignment technique (Improved)

Fixed Dynamic Hybrid

- It gives a Rayleigh fading distribution

• To overcome multipath fading we use :

- adaptive power control

- Microscopic diversity techniques :

2-Frequency diversity technique

3-Space diversity technique

-Space diversity technique

2-Maximal ratio technique

3-Equal gain technique comparator

- Adjacent channel interference

Signal level (dB)

Adjacent channel interference Frequency

- Delay Spread (Time dispersion)

- Due to multipath fading

- To overcome this we use delay equalizer

- Distance between MS and BS

- This makes Time alignment Problem

- To overcome this system should respond to this delay

- Combined signal loss

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