CE319

Design of Steel Structures

Maj. Dr. Khondaker Sakil Ahmed

Instructor Cl B
Department of Civil Engineering, MIST
 CE 319: DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
3.00 CREDITS, 3 HRS/WEEK

Syllabus
1. Behavioral principles and design of structural steel
2. Design of tension members
3. Bolted and welded connections
4. Compression members, residual stress, local buckling,
effective length
5. Flexural members, lateral torsional buckling
6. Design of beam-columns
7. Connection design, moment connection, column bases
8. Detailing of steel structures
 REFERENCE BOOKS OR MANUALS

 Main text book Steel Structures:

Design and Behavior, 5th Ed., 2009 Authors: Salmon, Johnson
and Malhas, Publisher: Pearson – Prentice Hall
 Other books and references
1. Theory of Simple Structures, 2nd Ed. 2001: Authors: T.C. Shedd
and J. Vawter
2. Design of Steel Structures, 3rd Ed., 1991 Authors: Gaylord,
Gaylord and Stallmeyer, Publisher: McGraw-Hill
3. Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings, 2005 Author:
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
4. Manual for Steel Construction, 13th Edition, 2005 Author:
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
 DESIGN PRINCIPLE

 Resistance ≥ applied load

 Resistance ??

 Material Property
 Geometry
 Soil Bearing Capacity
 BC
 LIMIT STATE

Loading condition defines failure mode

Limit of loading after which structure fails
Three broad classification
 Strength limit states

 Serviceability limit states

 Special limit states

 DESIGN CONSIDERATION

 Adequate strength & Stiffness during service life

 Adequate Margin of safety
 COST ! Economical Design
 Probability of failure based on design approach
 Prevent limit state
 Brittle Behavior
 Experience
 ASD & LRFD
 TYPICAL SECTIONS

Cold Formed
 ADVANTAGES OF STEEL
 Uniform & Homogeneous ; Strength predictable
 Higher strength comparative to other
 High Ductility: Easy to understand failure
 Easier and quicker to fabricate
 Easier and quicker to build
 Recycled
 Not affected by weather
 Easy to repair, maintain and inspect
 DISADVANTAGES
 Higher Cost
 Not perfectly Susceptible to Environment
particularly higher chance of corrosion if not
properly coated: Extra Cost for Corrosion
Resistance
 Low fire resistance
 Stress Concentration due to mismatch
 Fracture, fatigue : Cyclic loading
 STEEL VS CONCRETE (DESIGN & BUILT)
1. Cheap
2. Less Earthquake Resistance
3. Generally Cast in Place
4. Flexible size and shape
5. Easier connections
6. Low chance of buckling
7. High self weight
8. Require longer construction time
9. More fire resistant
10.Easier maintenance
11.Comparatively Safe against
Blast load
12.Difficult repair and retrofit
1. Comparatively expensive
2. Better Earthquake Resistance
3. Generally prefabricated
4. Defined size and shape
5. Critical connections: Req Design
6. High chance of buckling
7. Low self weight
8. Very Short construction time compare to
concrete
9. More fire resistant
10.Easier maintenance
11.Not Safe against Blast load
12.Easier repair and retrofit and
strengthen
TYPES OF STEEL BASED ON STRENGTH
 STEEL STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR

CONSTITUTIVE
LAW
 DESIGN METHODS-1

 LRFD
Resistance or strength:Rn
Resistance factor:φ<1.0
Load Effect: Qi
Load Factor: γi
Ru: Factored Load Effect
LRFD Safety Eqn: φ Rn≥ Ru

  iQi  Rn
 DESIGN METHODS-2

 ASD
Resistance or strength:Rn
Safety factor: Ω >1.0
Load Effect: Qi
Load Factor: γi=1.00
Ra: Allowable Strength
ASD Safety Eqn: Rn/Ω ≥ Ru   Qi
 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

Structural Elements Subjected to Axial Tensile Forces

Trusses

Bracing for Buildings and Bridges

Cables in Suspension and Cable-Stayed Bridges

 DESIGN OF STEEL TENSION MEMBERS
Next Class

P P

What is the maximum P?

LRFD Equation
 Q  R
i i n
DESIGN OF STEEL TENSION MEMBERS

Equations for strength of tension members:

a) For yielding in the gross section:

Rn  FyAg
b) For fracture in the net section:

Rn  FuAe
DESIGN OF STEEL TENSION MEMBERS

 Yielding in the gross section:

P Max stress Fy P
Max stress Fu

P P
YIELD STRESS OF GROSS SECTION
STRENGTH OF TENSION MEMBERS
NET AREA CALCULATION
NET AREA (An) CALCULATION
NET AREA CALCULATION EXAMPLE
DESIGN OF STEEL TENSION MEMBERS

Equations for strength of tension members:

a) For yielding in the gross section:

Rn  FyAg   0.90

b) For fracture in the net section:

Rn  FuAe   0.75

IMPORTANT NOTES
LOAD COMBINATION
EFFECTIVE AREA (Ae)

Ae ?
DETERMINATION OF L
W M S SHAPES
U FOR WELDED CONNECTION (1/2)
U FOR WELDED CONNECTION (2/2)
OTHERS
EXAMPLE-1
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE-3
BLOCK SHEAR
BLOCK SHEAR-2
EXAMPLE OF BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE
 CRITERIA
 Block shear strength is determined as the sum of the
shear strength on a failure path and the tensile
strength on a perpendicular segment.
 Block shear strength = net section fracture strength
on shear path + gross yielding strength on the
tension path
OR
 Block shear strength = gross yielding strength of the
shear path + net section fracture strength of the
tension path
DESIGN EQUATIONS
 EXAMPLE
Block Shear: Example - 1

Calculate Block Shear

Strength
CALCULATION
HOME WORK
ASD DESIGN
 BLOCK SHEAR

As per ASTM
EXAMPLE
BOLT & WELDED CONNECTIONS
 TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
Simple Connections Eccentric Connections

Bolted Connections Welded Connections

Common Bolts High Strength Bolts

Filet Weld

Slip Critical Groove Weld

Bearing Type

68402/61420 Slide # 51
 BOLT/RIVET CONNECTIONS
General Remark

 Steel member, connections and plates are Prefabricated

 Bolts are commonly used.
 Bolts are Economical.
 Previously “Riveted” connections were mostly used
 Rivets requires more skilled laborers and inspection for
installation.
 Rivet was neither economical nor safe
 Bolt requires Less labor cost and more safe
 TYPES OF CONNECTORS
1. Rivets:
 They are made from rivet bar stock in a machine
which forms one head to desired length.
 Steel rivets are always heated before driving
 Most rivets are driven by pressure-type riveters
which complete riveting in one stroke.

Image Courtesy: Prof Amanat,

CE, BUET

Typical Round Head Rivet

53
 WHY BOLT ?
Rivet Bolt
1. Ductile Metal Pin with Heads 1. Bolt with nuts and groove on
the surface

2. Require experienced labor 2. Do not need high skilled

3. Difficult Inspection 3. Easier Inspection
4. Not Economical 4. Economical compared to
other connections. Economical
even for high strength bolts

5. Require more numbers 5. Require less numbers

 BOLTS
 ASTM A307,A325 & A490
 A307: Strength 36 Ksi
 A325: Strength 80-95 Ksi (heat Treated)
 A490: Strength 115-130 Ksi (Heat Treated Alloy)
 Other A307 and A449
 Diameter: 12mm, 20mm and 25mm are commonly
used
 Others: 16mm, 32mm
 Shape : Circular & Hexagonal shapes are common
HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS
 High strength bolts (HSB) are available
as ASTM A 325 and ASTM A490
Bolt
Courtesy of Kao Wang Screw Co., Ltd.
Washer
Nut
 Advantages of HSB over A307 bolts
 Fewer bolts will be used compared to A307  cheaper connection!
 Smaller workman force required compared to A307
 Higher fatigue strength
 Ease of bolt removal  changing connection

68402/61420 Slide # 56
BOLT CONNECTION
 SIMPLE BOLTED CONNECTIONS

P P
Tension member
Connection/ splice

P P

Beam end
Simple shear connection

Slide #
58
SIMPLE BOLTED CONNECTIONS
P P

Hanger connection Moment resisting

(Tension) connection
Slide #
59
FAILURE MODES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

 Bolt Shearing

 Tension Fracture

 Plate Bearing

 Block Shear

Slide #
60
 68402/61420

ACTIONS ON BOLT

Shear, bearing, bending

P P
P
P Bearing and single plane Shear
Lap Joint
P P
Bending

Butt Joint Bearing and double plane Shear

P/2 P/2
P P
P/2
P/2
Slide #
61
 BOLTED SHEAR CONNECTIONS
 Possible failure modes
 Failure of bolts: single or double shear
Single shear
PSingle Shear  f v Abolt P P

Double shear
P/2
PDouble Shear  2 f v Abolt P
P/2

 Failure of connected elements:

 Shear, tension or bending failure of the connected elements (e.g. block shear)
 Bearing failure at bolt location

Slide # 62