PROTEIN METABOLISM

KULIAH BIOKIMIA
 PROTEIN
A major component of food
proteins are digested and their component
amino acids absorbed into the blood
stream.
 AMINO ACIDS

Amino acids are used in three ways in the

body:
1. protein synthesis
 The synthesis of new proteins is very
important during growth. In adults new
protein synthesis is directed towards
replacement of proteins as they are
constantly turned over.
 AMINO ACIDS
2. synthesis of a variety of other compounds
Examples of compounds that synthesis from amino
acids include :
purines and pyrimidines (components of
nucleotides)
catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenalin)
neurotransmitters (serotonin)
histamine
porphyrins (the central oxygen binding component
of haemoglobin)
 AMINO ACIDS
3. as a biological fuel
About 10% of energy production in humans
is from amino acids. The percentage is
much higher in carnivores, whose diet is
almost entirely protein.
 Amino acid catabolism

Amino acids contain nitrogen as well.

The first step in amino acid catabolism is
the removal of the nitrogen (the amino
group).
 KATABOLISME ASAM AMINO

Memahami katabolisme asam amino di

dalam tubuh:
Nasib gugus amin
Nasib rangka karbon
KATABOLISME ASAM AMINO

Nasib gugus amin

Nasib rangka karbon

NASIB GUGUS AMIN

1. Transaminasi
2. Deaminasi oksidatif
3. Siklus urea
1. TRANSAMINASI
Pemindahan satu gugus amin dari suatu
asam amino ke molekul lain (alpha-
ketoglutarat)
Dikatalisis oleh enzim transaminase
Menghasilkan glutamat dan suatu asam keto
REAKSI TRANSAMINASI
2. DEAMINASI OKSIDATIF
Reaksi pembentukan kembali alpha-
ketoglutarat dari glutamat
Dengan hasil samping amonia (NH4+)
Dikatalisis oleh glutamat dihidrogenase
 AMMONIA AND UREA

Ammonia is toxic to the nervous system

and its accumulation rapidly causes death.
Therefore it must be detoxified to a form
which can be readily removed from the
body.
Ammonia is converted to urea, which is
water soluble and is readily excreted via
the kidneys in urine.
 UREA CYCLE
Urea is the major end product of nitrogen
metabolism in humans and mammals.
Ammonia, the product of oxidative deamination
reactions, is toxic in even small amounts and must
be removed from the body.
The urea cycle or the ornithine cycle describes
the conversion reactions of ammonia into urea.
these reactions occur in the liver, the urea is then
transported to the kidneys where it is excreted.
The overall urea formation reaction is:
2 Ammonia + carbon dioxide + 3ATP ---> urea +
water + 3 ADP
 UREA CYCLE
One amine group comes from oxidative
deamination of glutamic acid while the other
amine group comes from aspartic acid.
Aspartic acid is regenerated from fumaric
acid produced by the urea cycle.
The fumaric acid first undergoes reactions
through a portion of the citric acid cycle to
produce oxaloacetic acid which is then
changed by transamination into aspartic acid
 SIKLUS UREA
Enzim yang berperan:
Karbamoil fosfat sintetase
Ornitin transkarbamoilase
Argininosuksinat sintetase
Argininosuksinase
Arginase
 NASIB RANGKA KARBON
Membentuk zat antara metabolik utama yg
dpt diubah menjadi glukosa atau dapat
dioksidasi pada daur asam sitrat.

1. Piruvat
2. Asetil CoA
3. Asetoasetil CoA
4. α-ketoglutarat
5. Suksinil CoA
6. Fumarat
7. oksaloasetat
Amino acid synthesis

Amino acids are divided into two classes

depending on :
whether they can be synthesised in the
human body (non-essential)
whether they must be supplied in the diet
(essential).