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P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi
150.0
2.186 M
C B A
0.0 K 61.067 352.2
639.314
38.54 740.70
537.0
61.067 350.4
40.57
816.06
210.3 6.0 K
61.067 206.0
14.970 M
205.5 2.154 M
A
572.218 352.2
172.0 0.946 M
B
16.70
6.0 K
34.700
95.766 170.0 205.5 168.3 36.52
639.314 164.1 572.156
789.9
424.5
6.414
537.0
639.314
843.89
6.564 735.8
34.520 309.4
kg
T/HR
cm 2
162.1
160.7
121.3 2.269 683.2
777.2 H
4.352 M
CEL
1.251 M
B
A
124.0
7.135
KCAL/KG
0.057 M
34.520
C
509.026
7.135
506.53
95.0
0.4143 619.8
26.299 195.8
2.389 683.2
92.4
92.2
43.183 95.0
20.510 76.5 0.078 M
3.7 K
735.8
310.0
0382 M
B C
76.2
509.026 49.2
63.693 76.3
509.028 49.0
0.4361
72.7
16.833 107.1
0.9069 642.9
72.6
58.8 47.0
12.0K
20.510 77.96
619.8
99.9 748.8 H
B
D
LAYOUT OF MODERN 210 MW COAL FIRED POWER PLANT
19.38
0.854 M
0.1033
0.1033
509.028
3.068 M
D
64.846 M
B
509.028 46.3
P=210.061 MW
46.7
46.4
46.1
441.114 46.45
D
577.3
Train of Shell & Tube HXs.
Power Plants for Future : Mid 2013: Denmark
Mass flows through CFWH
mbleed1 & hbleed1
m fw & h fw1,out mfw & h fw1,in
m drain1 & hdrain1
Special Anatomy of CFWHs
HP Turbine
Desuperheater
Tfi Tfi+1
TRAP
Bleed Steam
Feed Water in C=Condenser
TTD m SG & h8
m SG y & h6
T -TTD=Terminal
temperature difference
mSG & h5
C
DC DS
L
Design of Condensers and Condensing Zones
3Tdriving
T film Tsat Tsaturation Twall Tsat
3
4 4
Wall Temperatures
• It is often necessary to calculate the wall temperature by an
iterative approach.
• The summarized procedure is:
1. Assume a film temperature, Tf
2. Evaluate the fluid properties (viscosity, density, etc.) at this
temperature
3. Use the properties to calculate a condensing heat transfer
coefficient.
4. Calculate the wall temperature. The relationship will
typically be something like
1
UA
Twall Tsat
1 Tsat Tcoolant
hA
o o
5. Use the wall temperature to calculate a film temperature
6. Compare the calculated film temperature to that from the
initial step.
7. If not equal, reevaluate the properties and repeat.
The Laminar film Condensation on a Horizontal
Tube
hf
Condensation on Horizontal Tube Bundles
• Condensation on tube bundles
raises several important
considerations:
• In what manner does the
condensate flow from one tube
to the next?
• Is subcooling of the film
important?
• Is the influence of vapor shear
significant and, if so, how can
this be accounted for?
• At which point does the film
go through the transition from
laminar to turbulent flow?
Laminar Flow Outside Horizontal Tubes
When vapor condenses on the surface of horizontal tubes, the flow is
almost always laminar.
The flow path is too short for turbulence to develop. Again, there are two
forms of the same relationship:
k f f v g
1
3 3
1.51
f
hcond
3 Re
condensation f 2
k f f v ghLG
1
3
4
0.725
f
hcond
f Tdrivingd 0
The constant in the second form varies from 0.725 to 0.729.
The rippling condition (add 20%) is suggested for condensate Reynolds
Numbers greater than 40.
Condensation on Tube Bundle
Condenser tubes are typically arranged in banks, so that the
condensate which falls off one tube will typically fall onto a tube
below.
The bottom tubes in a stack thus have thicker liquid films and
consequently poorer heat transfer.
The correlation is adjusted by a factor for the number of tubes,
becoming for the Nth tube in the stack
k f f v gh fg
1
3
4
htop
0.725
f
hcond
N f Tdrivingd 0
4
N
The heat transfer coefficient on the Nth tube row
• The heat transfer coefficient on the Nth tube row in the bundle
h(N) is
h( N ) f4 f f 34 v gh fg
1
k 3
4
htop
3
hcond 0h.(725
1) N T
N N 1
f drivingd 0
4
N
• Kern (1958) concluded from his practice experience in
designing condensers that the Nusselt tube row expression was
too conservative and that this resulted in condensers that were
consistently over-surfaced.
• To improve his thermal designs, he replaced the exponent of (-
1/4) in the Nusselt expression with a value of (-1/6).
Condensation on Horizontal Bundles: Prediction of
Heat Transfer Coefficient in Nth Tube Row
h( N )
h(1)
N
Falling Film Condensation on Horizontal Tubes
h
Drain Subcooling Zone
C1 DS 1
C2 DS 2
C3
DC
DS : Desuperheating Area
C : Condensation Area
DC : Drain cooling Area
Case Study : Design of CFWH
Thermo-hydraulic Details
Thermo-hydraulic Details
Geometrical Details of Desuperheater
Thermo-hydraulic Details of Desuperheater
Geometrical Details of Drain Cooler
Thermo-hydraulic Details of Drain Cooler