HYDROCHLORIC ACID

AND
MISCELLANEOUS
INORGANIC CHEMICALS
CONTENTS
>HYDROCHLORIC ACID
>BROMINE
>IODINE
>FLUORINE AND
FLUOROCHEMICALS
>ALUMINA
>MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS
 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
 Also defined as “muriatic acid”
 Hydrogen chloride – gaseous phase at ordinary
temperature and pressure (atmospheric conditions)
 Hydrochloric acid – liquid phase, aqueous solution of HCl
 Muriatic Acid – commercia grade of hydrochloric acid. Has
higher impurities compared to hydrochloric acid
 Extremely corrosive to most metals
 For methyl chloride, ethyl choride, and vinyl production
HISTORY
 15th century- discovery of hydrogen chloride (HCl) by
Basilius Valentinus. Heating of common salts with green
vitriol
 Leblanc Process produce soda ash and a by-product of
hydrogen chloride
 HCl gas is absorbed with water, producing hydrochloric
acid
4 MAJOR SOURCES OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID

 Chlorination of aromatic and aliphatic

hydrocarbons
 Salts and sulphuric acid reaction
 Combustion of hydrogen and chlorine
 Hargreaves-type operations
Bromine
 Member of the halogen family
 Heavy, dark red liquid, Fuming at room
temperature
 Third lightest halogent
 1824- bromine was discovered by Balard.
Evaporation of seawater gives off mother liquor of
bromine
 USES
 Bromine is used in many areas such as agricultural chemicals,
dyestuffs, insecticides, pharmaceuticals and chemical
intermediates.
 Bromine compounds can be used as flame retardants. They
are added to furniture foam, plastic casings for electronics and
textiles to make them less flammable.
 Organobromides are used in halon fire extinguishers that are
used to fight fires in places like museums, aeroplanes and
tanks. Silver bromide is a chemical used in film photography.
 Before leaded fuels were phased out, bromine was used to
prepare 1,2-di-bromoethane, which was an anti-knock agent.
ALUMINA
 Alumina, also called aluminum oxide,
synthetically produced aluminum oxide,
Al2O3, a white or nearly colourless crystalline
substance that is used as a starting material
for the smelting of aluminum metal. It also
serves as the raw material for a broad range
of advanced ceramic products and as an
active agent in chemical processing.
 Some alumina is still produced by melting bauxite in
an electric furnace, in a process devised for the abrasives
industry early in the 20th century, but most is now
extracted from bauxite through the Bayer process, which
was developed for the aluminum industry in 1888. In the
Bayer process bauxite is crushed, mixed in a solution
of sodium hydroxide, and seeded with crystals to
precipitate aluminum hydroxide. The hydroxide is heated in
a kiln in order to drive off the water and produce several
grades of granular or powdery alumina, including activated
alumina, smelter-grade alumina, and calcined alumina.