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H H O H O H H
O O
H2N C C + H2N C C H2N C C N C C + H2O
OH Amino OH OH
H CH3 H Peptide CH3
Carboxyl group bond
group
N-terminus C-terminus
H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O
H N C C N C C N C C N C C N C C N C C N C C N C C OH
H2N Gly Ala Ser Asp Phe Val Tyr Cys COOH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Protein Folding
The function of a protein depends on its three-dimensional structure and on its ability
change shape and back.
The three-dimensional structure of a protein is determined by the order of amino acid in the
protein chain as well as by the interaction of the protein with other molecules.
Most proteins, given a particular sequence can fold in more than one way. The correct folding
is achieved inside the cell with the help of a family of proteins called chaperones.
Amino acid
sequence Mutant
Fast first, then very slow. Does not get eliminated because protected in heterozygous.
Sickle Hemoglobin Frequencies
Cloroquine
Prevents hemoglobin digestion
Artemisin
Reacts with heme group to produce
free radicals
Plasmodium falciparum Drug
Resistance
Discovery of Penicillin
Alexander Fleming, 1929
Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotics
How Bacteria Become Resistant