Chapter 4

Histology: The Study of

Tissues

4-1
 Tissues and Histology

• Tissue Level of Organization

– Epithelial
– Connective
– Muscle
– Nervous
• Histology: Microscopic Study of Tissues

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 Embryonic Tissue

• Germ layers
– Endoderm
• Inner layer
• Forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives
– Mesoderm
• Middle layer
• Forms tissues as muscle, bone, blood vessels
– Ectoderm
• Outer layer
• Forms skin and neuroectoderm 4-3
Epithelium Characteristics
Consists almost entirely
of cells
Covers body surfaces
and forms glands
Has free and basal
surface
Specialized cell contacts
Avascular
Undergoes mitosis

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 Functions of Epithelia

• Protecting underlying structures

• Acting as barriers
• Permitting the passage of substances
• Secreting substances
• Absorbing substances

4-5
 Classification of Epithelium
• Simple
– Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
• Stratified
– Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
• Pseudostratified
– columnar
• Transitional
– Cuboidal to columnar when not stretched and
squamouslike when stretched

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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 Functional Characteristics
 Cell layers and shapes
 Diffusion, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, Protection
 Cell surfaces
 Microvilli: Increase surface area absorption or secretion
 Cilia: Move materials across cell surface
 Cell connections
 Desmosomes, tight, gap
 Glands
 Exocrine: Have ducts
 Endocrine: Have no ducts

4-15
Cell Connections
Functions
Bind cells together
Form permeability
layer
Intercellular
communication
Types
Desmosomes
Tight
Gap

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Exocrine Glands

• Unicellular
– Goblet cells

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Multicellular Exocrine Glands

4-18
 Exocrine Glands and Secretion Types

Merocrine
Sweat glands
Apocrine
Mammary
glands
Holocrine
Sebaceous
glands

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 Connective Tissue

• Abundant
• Consists of cell separated by extracellular
matrix
• Diverse
• Performs variety of important functions

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 Functions of Connective Tissue
• Enclosing and separating as capsules around
organs
• Connecting tissues to one another as
tendons and ligaments
• Supporting and moving as bones
• Storing as fat
• Cushioning and insulating as fat
• Transporting as blood
• Protecting as cells of the immune system
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 Connective Tissue Cells
 Specialized cells produce the extracellular matrix
 Suffixes
-blasts: create the matrix
-cytes: maintain the matrix
-clasts: break the matrix down for remodeling
 Adipose or fat cells
 Mast cells that contain heparin and histamine
 White blood cells that respond to injury or infection
 Macrophages that phagocytize or provide protection
 Stem cells

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 Extracellular Matrix

• Components
– Protein fibers
• Collagen which is most common protein in body
• Reticular fill spaces between tissues and organs
• Elastic returns to its original shape after distension or
compression
– Ground substance
• Shapeless background
– Fluid

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 Connective Tissue Categories
• Embryonic or mesenchyme
• Adult
– Loose
– Dense
– Connective tissue with special properties
– Cartilage
– Bone
– Blood

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 Loose Connective Tissue

 Also known as areolar tissue

 Loose packing material of most organs and tissues
 Attaches skin to underlying tissues
 Contains collagen, reticular, elastic fibers and variety of cells

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 Dense Connective Tissue
 Dense regular
 Has abundant collagen fibers
Tendons: Connect muscles to bones
Ligaments: Connect bones to bones
 Dense regular elastic
Ligaments in vocal folds
 Dense irregular
Scars
 Dense irregular collagenous
Forms most of skin dermis
 Dense irregular elastic
In walls of elastic arteries

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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 Connective Tissue with Special
Properties
 Adipose tissue
 Consists of adipocytes
 Types
Yellow (white)
 most abundant, white at birth and yellows with age
Brown
 found only in specific areas of body as axillae, neck and near kidneys
 Reticular tissue
 Forms framework of lymphatic tissue
 Characterized by network of fibers and cells

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Adipose Tissue

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Reticular Tissue

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 Cartilage

• Composed of chondrocytes located in spaces

called lacunae
• Next to bone firmest structure in body
• Types of cartilage
– Hyaline
– Fibrocartilage
– Elastic

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 Hyaline Cartilage

 Found in areas for strong support and some flexibility

 Rib cage and cartilage in trachea and bronchi
 Forms most of skeleton before replaced by bone in embryo
 Involved in growth that increases bone length
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 Fibrocartilage

Slightly compressible and very tough

Found in areas of body where a great deal of
pressure is applied to joints
Knee, jaw, between vertebrae 4-34
 Elastic Cartilage

Rigid but elastic properties

External ears, epiglottis 4-35
 Bone

• Hard connective tissue that consists of living

cells and mineralized matrix
• Organic and inorganic
• Types
– Cancellous or spongy bone
– Compact bone

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Bone

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 Blood

 Matrix between the

cells is liquid
 Hemopoietic tissue
 Forms blood cells
 Found in bone
marrow
Yellow
Red

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Bone Marrow

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 Muscle Tissue
• Characteristics
– Contracts or shortens with force
– Moves entire body and pumps blood
• Types
– Skeletal
• Striated and voluntary
– Cardiac
• Striated and involuntary
– Smooth
• Nonstriated and involuntary

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Skeletal Muscle

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Cardiac Muscle

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Smooth Muscle

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 Nervous Tissue

• Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves

• Ability to produce action potentials
• Cells
– Nerve cells or neurons
• Consist of dendrites, cell body, axons
• Consist of multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
– Neuroglia or support cells

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Neurons

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Neuroglia

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Membranes
 Mucous
 Line cavities that open to
the outside of body
 Secrete mucus
 Serous
 Line cavities not open to
exterior
 Pericardial, pleural,
peritoneal
 Synovial
 Line freely movable joints
 Produce fluid rich in
hyaluronic acid

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Inflammation
 Response when tissues
damaged or with an
immune response
 Manifestations
 Redness, heat, swelling,
pain, disturbance of
function
 Mediators
 Include histamine, kinins,
prostaglandins,
leukotrienes
 Stimulate pain receptor
and increase blood vessel
permeability

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 Tissue Repair
Substitution of viable cells for dead cells
Skin repair
Primary union: Edges of wound close together
Wound fills with blood
Clot forms
Scab
Pus
Granulation tissue
Scar
Secondary union: Edges of wound not close
Clot may not close gap
Inflammatory response greater
Wound contraction occurs leading to greater scarring
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Tissue Repair

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 Tissues and Aging
• Cells divide more slowly in older than
younger people
• Tendons and ligaments become less flexible
and more fragile
• Arterial walls become less elastic
• Rate of blood cell synthesis declines in
elderly
• Injuries are harder to heal in elderly

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