Discovering Computers 2010: Living in A Digital World

Discovering
Computers 2010
Living in a Digital World
Objectives Overview
Define the term, Describe various types of

computer security risks, Internet and network Discuss techniques to
and briefly describe the attacks, and identify ways prevent unauthorized
types of cybercrime to safeguard against these computer access and use
perpetrators attacks
Identify safeguards against Explain the ways software Discuss how encryption
hardware theft and manufacturers protect works, and explain why it
vandalism against software piracy is necessary
See Page 555 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 2

for Detailed Objectives Chapter 11
Objectives Overview
Discuss the types of Identify risks and

Explain the options
devices available that safeguards associated
available for backing up
protect computers from with wireless
computer resources
system failure communications
Recognize issues related

Discuss ways to prevent
to information accuracy,
health-related disorders Discuss issues surrounding
intellectual property
and injuries due to information privacy
rights, codes of conduct,
computer use
and green computing
See Page 555 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 3

for Detailed Objectives Chapter 11
Computer Security Risks
• A computer security risk is any event or action that could

cause a loss of or damage to computer hardware, software,
data, information, or processing capability
• A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based illegal act
Corporate
Hackers Crackers Script Kiddies
Spies
Unethical Cyber Cyber

Employees extortionists terrorists
Pages 556 - 557 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 4

Chapter 11
Computer Security Risks
Pages 556 – 557 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 5

Figure 11-1 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks
• Information transmitted over networks has a higher

degree of security risk than information kept on an
organization’s premises
• An online security service is a Web site that evaluates
your computer to check for Internet and e-mail
vulnerabilities
Page 558 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 6

Computer
Worm Trojan Horse Rootkit
Virus
• Affects a • Copies itself • A malicious • Program
computer repeatedly, program that hides in
negatively using up that hides a computer
by altering resources within or and allows
the way the and possibly looks like a someone
computer shutting legitimate from a
works down the program remote
computer or location to
network take full
control

Chapter 11
Video: Attack of the Mobile Viruses
CLICK TO START
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 8
Chapter 11
• An infected computer has one or more of the

following symptoms:
Operating system Available memory Screen displays
Files become
runs much slower is less than unusual message
corrupted
than usual expected or image
Unknown
Music or unusual Programs or files
Existing programs programs or files
sound plays do not work
and files disappear mysteriously
randomly properly
appear
Operating system
System properties Operating system
shuts down
change does not start up
unexpectedly

Chapter 11

• Users can take several

precautions to protect
their home and work
computers and mobile
devices from these
malicious infections
Page 560 – 561 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 11


• A botnet is a group of compromised computers connected to a

network
– A compromised computer is known as a zombie
• A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access to
Internet services
– Distributed DoS (DDoS)
• A back door is a program or set of instructions in a program that
allow users to bypass security controls
• Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their network or
Internet transmission appear legitimate
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click DoS Attacks
below Chapter 11

Chapter 11
• A firewall is hardware and/or software that

protects a network’s resources from intrusion

then click Firewalls
below Chapter 11

Intrusion detection software

• Analyzes all network traffic
• Assesses system vulnerabilities
• Identifies any unauthorized intrusions
• Notifies network administrators of suspicious behavior
patterns or security breaches
Honeypot
• Vulnerable computer that is set up to entice an intruder
to break into it
Chapter 11
Unauthorized Access and Use
Unauthorized access is Unauthorized use is the

the use of a computer or use of a computer or its
network without data for unapproved or
permission possibly illegal activities

Chapter 11
• Organizations take
several measures to
help prevent
unauthorized access
and use
– Acceptable use policy
– Disable file and printer
sharing
– Firewalls
– Intrusion detection
software

• Access controls define who can access a

computer, when they can access it, and what
actions they can take
– Two-phase processes called identification and
authentication
– User name
– Password
– CAPTCHA

• A possessed object is any • A biometric device

item that you must carry to authenticates a person’s
gain access to a computer identity by translating a
or computer facility personal characteristic into
– Often are used in a digital code that is
combination with a personal compared with a digital
identification number (PIN) code in a computer

then click Biometric Devices
below Chapter 11

• Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and

analysis of evidence found on computers and
networks
• Many areas use digital forensics
Law Criminal Military
enforcement prosecutors intelligence
Information
Insurance
security
agencies
departments
Chapter 11
Hardware Theft and Vandalism
Hardware vandalism
Hardware theft is the
is the act of defacing
act of stealing
or destroying
computer equipment
computer equipment

Chapter 11
Hardware Theft and Vandalism
• To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies

and schools use a variety of security measures
Cables to lock
Physical access controls Alarm systems
equipment
Real time location Passwords, possessed

system objects, and biometrics

then click RTLS
below Chapter 11

Software Theft
• Software theft occurs when someone:
Steals software Intentionally

media erases programs
Illegally registers
Illegally copies a
and/or activates
program
a program

Chapter 11
Software Theft
• A single-user license agreement typically contains the

following conditions:
Permitted to
• Install the software on one computer
• Make one copy of the software
• Remove the software from your computer before giving it away or selling it
Not permitted to
• Install the software on a network
• Give copies to friends or colleagues while continuing to use the software
• Export the software
• Rent or lease the software
Chapter 11
Software Theft
• Copying, loaning,
borrowing, renting, or
distributing software
can be a violation of
copyright law
• Some software requires
product activation to
function fully
then click Business Software
Alliance below Chapter 11

Information Theft
• Information theft occurs when someone steals

personal or confidential information
• Encryption is a process of converting readable
data into unreadable characters to prevent
unauthorized access

Information Theft

Information Theft
• A digital signature is an encrypted code that a

person, Web site, or organization attaches to an
electronic message to verify the identity of the
sender
– Often used to ensure that an impostor is not
participating in an Internet transaction
• Web browsers and Web sites use encryption
techniques

Chapter 11
Information Theft
• Popular security techniques include
Digital Transport Layer

Certificates Security (TLS)
Secure HTTP VPN

then click Digital Certificates
below Chapter 11

Chapter 11
Information Theft

Figures 11-19 – 11-20 Chapter 11
System Failure
• A system failure is the prolonged malfunction of a

computer
• A variety of factors can lead to system failure,
including:
– Aging hardware
– Natural disasters
– Electrical power problems
• Noise, undervoltages, and overvoltages
– Errors in computer programs
Chapter 11
System Failure
• Two ways to protect from system failures caused

by electrical power variations include surge
protectors and uninterruptable power supplies
(UPS)

then click Surge Protectors
below Chapter 11

Figures 11-21 – 11-22 Chapter 11
Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard
• A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk

that can be used if the original is lost, damaged,
or destroyed
– To back up a file means to make a copy of it
• Offsite backups are stored in a location separate
from the computer site
Cloud
Storage

Chapter 11
Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard
• Two categories of • Three-generation

backups: backup policy
– Full backup
Grandparent
– Selective backup
Parent
Child

Chapter 11
Wireless Security
• Wireless access poses additional security risks

– About 80 percent of wireless networks have no security
protection
• War driving allows individuals to detect wireless
networks while driving a vehicle through the area

then click War Driving
below Chapter 11

Wireless Security
• In additional to using firewalls, some safeguards

improve security of wireless networks:
A wireless access
Change the default
point should not
SSID
broadcast an SSID
Configure a WAP so
that only certain Use WPA or WPA2
devices can access security standards
it
Chapter 11
Health Concerns of Computer Use
• The widespread use of

computers has led to
health concerns
– Repetitive strain injury
(RSI)
– Carpal tunnel syndrome
(CTS)
– Computer vision
syndrome (CVS)


• Ergonomics is an
applied science devoted
to incorporating
comfort, efficiency, and
safety into the design of
items in the workplace

• Computer addiction occurs when the computer

consumes someone’s entire social life
• Symptoms of users include:
Overjoy when Unable to stop

Craves
at the computer
computer time
computer activity
Irritable when
Neglects family Problems at
not at the
and friends work or school
computer
Chapter 11
Ethics and Society
• Computer ethics are

the moral guidelines
that govern the use of
computers and
information systems
• Information accuracy is
a concern
– Not all information on
the Web is correct

Ethics and Society
Intellectual property rights are the rights to which

creators are entitled for their work
• A copyright protects any tangible form of expression
An IT code of conduct is a written guideline that helps

determine whether a specific computer action is ethical or
unethical

then click Digital Rights
Management
below Chapter 11
Chapter 11
Ethics and Society

Ethics and Society
• Green computing involves reducing the electricity

and environmental waste while using a computer

Ethics and Society
• Information privacy refers to the right of

individuals and companies to deny or restrict the
collection and use of information about them
• Huge databases store data online
• It is important to safeguard your information

Chapter 11
Ethics and Society

Ethics and Society
• When you fill out a

form, the merchant that
receives the form
usually enters it into a
database
• Many companies today
allow people to specify
whether they want
their personal
information distributed
Ethics and Society
• A cookie is a small text file that a Web server stores on

your computer
• Web sites use cookies for a variety of reasons:
Allow for Store users’ Assist with

personalization passwords online shopping
Track how often Target

click Chapter 11, Click Web users visit a site advertisements
then click Cookies
below Chapter 11

Chapter 11
Ethics and Society

Ethics and Society
• Spam is an unsolicited e-
mail message or
newsgroup posting
• E-mail filtering blocks e-
mail messages from
designated sources
• Anti-spam programs
attempt to remove spam
before it reaches your
inbox

Ethics and Society
• Phishing is a scam in
which a perpetrator sends
an official looking e-mail
message that attempts to
obtain your personal and
financial information
• Pharming is a scam
where a perpetrator
attempts to obtain your
personal and financial
information via spoofing

Ethics and Society
• The concern about privacy has led to the

enactment of federal and state laws regarding the
storage and disclosure of personal data
– See Figure 11-36 on page 589 for a listing of major U.S.
government laws concerning privacy
• The 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act limits the
rights of others viewing a credit report to only
those with a legitimate business need

Chapter 11
Ethics and Society
Social engineering is defined as gaining unauthorized

access or obtaining confidential information by taking
advantage of trust and naivety
Employee monitoring involves the use of computers to

observe, record, and review an employee’s use of a
computer

then click Social Engineering
below Chapter 11

Chapter 11
Ethics and Society
• Content filtering is the

process of restricting
access to certain material
on the Web
• Many businesses use
content filtering
• Internet Content Rating
Association (ICRA)
• Web filtering software
restricts access to
specified Web sites

Summary
Potential computer risks and Wireless security risks and

the safeguards safeguards
Ethical issues surrounding

information accuracy,
Computer-related health intellectual property rights,
issues and preventions codes of conduct, green
computing, and information
privacy

Chapter 11
Discovering
Computers 2010
Living in a Digital World
Chapter 11 Complete

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in A Digital World

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Discovering

Define the term, Describe various types of

See Page 555 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 2

Discuss the types of Identify risks and

Recognize issues related

See Page 555 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 3

• A computer security risk is any event or action that could

Unethical Cyber Cyber

Pages 556 - 557 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 4

Pages 556 – 557 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 5

• Information transmitted over networks has a higher

Page 558 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 6

Page 558 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 7

• An infected computer has one or more of the

Pages 558 - 559 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 9

Page 559 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 10

• Users can take several

Page 560 – 561 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 11

Page 561 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 12

• A botnet is a group of compromised computers connected to a

Pages 562 - 563 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 13

• A firewall is hardware and/or software that

Click to view Web Link,

Pages 563 - 564 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 14

Intrusion detection software

Unauthorized access is Unauthorized use is the

Page 564 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 16

Page 565 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 17

• Access controls define who can access a

Pages 565 – 566 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 18

• A possessed object is any • A biometric device

Click to view Web Link,

Page 568 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 19

• Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and

Page 570 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 21

• To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies

Real time location Passwords, possessed

Click to view Web Link,

Page 570 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 22

• Software theft occurs when someone:

Steals software Intentionally

Page 571 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 23

• A single-user license agreement typically contains the

Pages 571 – 572 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 25

• Information theft occurs when someone steals

Pages 572 - 573 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 26

Page 573 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 27

• A digital signature is an encrypted code that a

Page 574 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 28

• Popular security techniques include

Digital Transport Layer

Secure HTTP VPN

Pages 574 - 575 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 29

Pages 574 - 575 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 30

• A system failure is the prolonged malfunction of a

• Two ways to protect from system failures caused

Click to view Web Link,

Page 576 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 32

• A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk

Page 577 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 33

• Two categories of • Three-generation

Page 577 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 34

• Wireless access poses additional security risks