Internal Combustion Engines

Dr Yang wenming
Office Room: EA-05-05
Phone number : 65166481
E-mail: mpeywm@nus.edu.sg

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 Reference books
• Introduction to Internal Combustion
Engines
By Richard Stone

• Internal Combustion Engines

By V. Ganesan

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Application of Internal combustion engines

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 Heat engine and its history
Definition: Heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical
energy of a fuel into thermal energy and utilizes this thermal energy to
perform useful work. Thus, thermal energy is converted to mechanical
power in a heat engine.

Earliest heat engine: Steam engine which triggered the first industry
Revolution

In 1867, Otto proposed the first internal combustion engine: free-

piston engine with an efficiency of 11%.
In 1876, he modified it into a four-stroke gasoline engine, it is the
basis of modern IC engine.
In 1892, Rudolf Diesel proposed a new internal combustion engine:
diesel engine.

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 Internal combustion engines
and external combustion engine

Open cycle gas turbine engine Closed cycle turbine engine

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 Reciprocating engines and
rotary engines

Reciprocating engines Rotary engines

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 Four stroke engines and two
stroke engines

4 stroke engine

2 Storke Engine
Stirling engines

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 Steam Engines

High pressure steam enters the cylinder Exhaust

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Based one the type of fuel used, engines are classified as

(i) Engines using volatile liquid fuels like gasoline, alcohol, kerosene benzene etc.
The fuel is generally mixed with air to form a homogeneous charge in a
carburetor outside the cylinder and drawn into the cylinder in its suction stroke.
The charge is ignited near the end of the compression stroke by an externally
applied spark and therefore these engines are called spark-ignition engine.

(ii) Engines using gaseous fuels like natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), blast
furnace gas and biogas. The gas is mixed with air and the mixture is introduced
into the cylinder during the suction process. Working of this type of engine is
similar to that of the engines using volatile liquid fuels (SI gas engine)

(iii) Engine using solid fuels like charcoal, powdered coal etc. Solid fuels are
generally converted into gaseous fuels outside the engine in a separate gas
producer and the engine works as a gas engine. 31
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