- Michael T.

Ramirez
What is Biodiversity?
 What is Biodiversity?

Bio means life.

Diversity means variety
Biodiversity refers to the variety of
living organisms within a given area.
 What is Evolution?

There’s a theory that all living forms come from a single cell.

There’s a theory that humans come from the family of apes.

Evolution - it the process by which

changes in plants and animals happen
over time.
How do we study evolution?

• By studying the fossils of

organisms present before
including their functions and
structures.
Have you ever seen a fossil?
 What are fossils?

Fossils are traces of

organism that lived in the past
and preserved by natural
process or catastrophic events.
 Examples of fossils:

Shells teeth

bones
Where can we usually find fossils?

Fossils are usually found in the

rocks especially in sedimentary rocks.

Paleontologists study fossils.

 Two types of fossil record:

1. Impression – little or no organic

material present.

2. Compression – more organic

materials present.
Two types of fossil record:

Compression Impression
Two types of fossil record:

Compression Impression
3 ways of determining the age of fossils:

1. Relative Dating - a method used to determine the age

of rocks by comparing them with the rocks in the other
layer.

B
C
3 ways of determining the age of fossils:

2. Carbon Dating- a method used to tell the age of

organic materials.

Carbon-14 is abundant in all life forms. When an

organisms dies carbon-14 starts to decay at a fixed
rate. Half of the remaining carbon-14 breaks down
every 5730 years. Half- life
5 730

Carbon-14
3 ways of determining the age of fossils:

2. Carbon Dating- a method used to tell the age of

organic materials.

5730
5 730 years old

5730 5730
11 460 years old
3 ways of determining the age of fossils:

3. Radiometric Dating- a method

used to determine the age of rocks
using the decay isotopes in rocks.

Uranium
HINTS OF EVOLUTION THROUGH A
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Homologous – same structures but different functions.

HINTS OF EVOLUTION THROUGH A
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Analogous – different structures but similar functions.

Geologic Time Scale
 Two types of evolution

Pliohippus

Cabaito
Zebra Burro

Divergent Evolution is the splitting of an ancestral

population into two or more subpopulations.
Two types of evolution

FLIGHT

Convergent Evolution – unrelated

organisms from different ancestors
develop similar function.
Two types of evolution

Convergent Evolution
 Embryonic Development of organisms

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

As the organisms grow and develop, the embryos

gradually become more and more dissimilar.
Amino Acid Sequence
 Theories of Evolution: Proponents

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

and
Charles Darwin
Theories of Evolution

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

1744 – 1829

He was the first evolutionist

to believe that organisms
change over time. He
developed the three theories;
The theory of need, Theory of
use and disuse, and the
Theory of acquired
characteristics.
 Lamarck’s 3 Theory of Evolution

1. The theory of need – organism change over time in

response to their environment.
 Lamarck’s 3 Theory of Evolution

2. The theory of use and disuse – states that organs

not in use will disappear while organs in use will
develop.
 Lamarck’s 3 Theory of Evolution

3. The theory of acquired characteristics – states that

acquired characteristics of organisms are heritable.
Charle’s Darwin

Charles Darwin is best

known for his work as a
naturalist, developing a
theory of evolution to
explain biological change.
His was the one who
proposed the THEORY OF
NATURAL SELECTION.
 Darwin’s Voyage

• From 1831-1836, a
young naturalist called
Charles Darwin toured
the world in HMS
Beagle.

• He was dazzled by the

amazing diversity of
life and started to
wonder how it might
Voyage of the Beagle have originated
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg
Charle’s Darwin: The Theory of Natural
Selection

According to his theory, environmental

factors promote the survival of the
fittest and eliminates the less fit.
Charles Darwin: Natural Selection
Charles Darwin: Natural Selection
Charles Darwin: Natural Selection
Do you believe in the theory of evolution?

How to prove?

 It should be repeatable.
 It should be observable.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms within a given area.
Evolution - it is the process by which changes in plants and animals happen
over time.
Fossils are traces of organism that lived in the past and preserved by
natural process or catastrophic events.
Fossils are usually found in the rocks especially in sedimentary rocks.
Paleontologists study fossils.

TWO TYPES OF FOSSIL RECORD:

1. Impression – little or no organic material present.
2. Compression – more organic materials present.
THREE WAYS OF DETERMINING THE AGE OF FOSSILS:
1. Relative Dating - a method used to determine the age of rocks by
comparing them with the rocks in the other layer.
2. Carbon Dating- a method used to tell the age of organic materials.
3. Radiometric Dating- a method used to determine the age of rocks using
the decay isotopes in rocks.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
Analogous – different structures but similar functions.
Homologous – same structures but different functions.
 TWO TYPES OF EVOLUTION
Divergent Evolution is the splitting of an ancestral population into two or more
subpopulations.
Convergent Evolution – unrelated organisms from different ancestors develop
similar function.
Embryonic Development - organisms grow and develop, the embryos gradually
become more and more dissimilar. And these changes are controlled by
the genetic materials present in every organisms.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829)

He was the first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time.

1. The theory of need – organism change over time in response to their environment.
2. The theory of use and disuse – states that organs not in use will disappear
while organs in use will develop. .
3. The theory of acquired characteristics – states that acquired characteristics of
organisms are heritable.
Charles Darwin is best known for his work as a naturalist, developing a theory
of evolution to explain biological change. His was the one who proposed
the THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION. According to his theory,
environmental factors promote the survival of the fittest and
eliminates the less fit.