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understand how fibers work, and explain which components are used in an
optical relay system
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1 Optical Fiber Fundamentals
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Advantages of fiber
No Interference
Large capacity
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Optical fiber structure
Core
• thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels
Cladding
• outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into
the core
Coating
• plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moisture
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Optical fiber classification
glass
• glass core – glass cladding
• lowest attenuation
plastic
• plastic core – plastic cladding
• highest attenuation
plastic-clad silica
• glass core – plastic cladding
• intermediate attenuation
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Optical fiber types
Cladding Coating
Core
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Total internal reflection
Concept
• light travels through the core constantly bouncing from the cladding
Distance
• a light wave can travel great distances because the cladding does not
absorb light from the core
Signal degradation
• mostly due to impurities in the glass
cladding
acceptance
cone
core
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Hit me baby one more time
ray of light
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The world of wavelengths
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Attenuation as function of wavelength
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
Wavelength (microns)
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Fiber optic relay system
Optical transmitter
• produces and encodes the light signal
Optical amplifier
• may be necessary to boost the light signal (for long distances)
Optical receiver
• receives and decodes the light signal
Optical fiber
• conducts the light signals over a distance
Tx Amplifier Rx
Electrical Optical Optical Electrical
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Transceiver
Definition:
• a transmitter and a receiver
in a single housing
Practical implementation:
• transceivers typically come as SFP
Tx
Rx
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Lightwave modulation
Digital
• light intensity does change in an on/off fashion
Analog
• light intensity changes continuously
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Fiber interconnections
permanent joint
SPLICE
0.3 dB 0.3 dB
CONNECTOR
demountable joint
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Joining fibers – Fiber alignment
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Joining fibers – Fiber orientation
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Joining fibers – Connectors
Properties
• good alignment/correct orientation
• present at the termination point of the fiber
• always introduce some loss
Connector types
Theoretical loss:
• amount of mating cycles
0.3 dB
• LC, FC, SC, …
Color code
• APC – green
• PC – blue
Shouldn’t be mixed
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Connectors - Couplers
Couplers
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Joining fibers – Splices
Fusion splicer
Mechanical splicing
• aligning and orienting the fibers,
Fusion splicing
• aligning and orienting the fibers,
• then fuse (melt) the fibers Theoretical loss:
• using an electric arc 0.1 dB
Optical splitters …
• typically divide an optical signal …
from a single input
into multiple (e.g. two) identical output signals
• and generally provide
a small optical loss
to the signal passed through it
l1
l2 l1
l3 l2
l1
l3
3.5 dB
insertion loss
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Optical wavelength splitters
l1
l1
l2
l2
0.3 dB loss
insertion loss
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PON benefits
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PON deployment scenarios – FTTx
Network
ONU
VDSL ( < 300 M )
XNT
< 52 Mbit/s
ONT
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2 GPON fundamentals
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Two Basic FTTH technologies
Receive
(P2P)
Aggregation
Transmit
x4
1:1
Point-to-Multi-Point used in GPON Optical Network
Terminal (ONT)
Upstream Splitter
1310
(P2MP)
Optical Line
Terminal (OLT) 1490
Downstream
LESS SPACE, LESS FIBRES, LESS DUCT SIZE 1:64 to 1:128 Subscribers
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Definition - Feeders, Distribution, Drops
Access Point
Active
Active
28 Passive
PON properties
Ranging distance
• 60 km maximum logical reach PON
• 20 km differential distance
Split-ratio
• Minimum 64 subscribers (or more)
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PON lambdas
Video
• one wavelength in downstream direction
Video path
1550 nm
V-OLT
Line rate flexibility
30
Splitter - Types
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Splitters – Example
SPLICED CONNECTORISED
-- Cheap -- Flexible
-- Maintenance free -- Patch cords included
-- Skilled technician -- Easy to replace
3M 3M
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Optical power budget
loss in splices
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Splitter – Optical Budget
Example:
Splitter 1 x 8
3.5dB Output
3.5dB Optical Splitters Loss [dB]
Fiber
3.5dB
Splitter 1 x 64 20.1
Input
Fiber Splitter 1 x 32 17.4
Splitter 1 x 16 13.8
Splitter 1 x 8 10.5
Splitter 1 x 4 7.0
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Data transceiver specifications (class B+)
P (dBm) P (dBm)
+5.0
Downstream budget:
+1.5 1490 nm
path penalty: 0.5 dB +1.5 – (-27) – (0.5) = 28 dB
-8.0
P (dBm)
P (dBm)
Tx level
Rx level +5.0
0.42 dB/km
Upstream budget:
path penalty: 0.5 dB +0.5
+0.5 – (-28) – (0.5) = 28 dB
-8.0 1310 nm
-28.0
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Optical power budget – Data
Example:
• budget: 28 dB
• 16 way splitter loss: 13.8 dB (theoretical. 12dB)
• connector+splicing loss: 3 dB (24*0.1 dB + 2*0.3 dB)
• aging: 1 dB
• attenuation:
o 0.30 dB/km – downstream
o 0.42 dB/km – upstream
Distance:
• (28 – 13.8 – 3 – 1) / 0.42 = 10.2 / 0.42 = 24.28 km
Interpretation:
• for a 1:16 split, the max distance of an ONT is 24 km
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Data transceiver specifications (class C+)
P (dBm) P (dBm)
+7.0
Downstream budget:
+3.0 1490 nm
path penalty: 1 dB (*) +3 – (-30) – (1) = 32 dB
-8.0
P (dBm)
P (dBm)
Tx level
Rx level +5.0
0.42 dB/km
Upstream budget:
path penalty: 0.5 dB +0.5
+0.5 – (-32) – (0.5) = 32 dB
-12.0 1310 nm
-32.0
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Video transceiver specifications
P (dBm) P (dBm)
+18.5
Downstream budget:
1550 nm
+18.5 – (-4.9) = 23.4 dB
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Optical power budget – Video
Example:
• budget: 23.4 dB
• 16 way splitter loss: 13.8 dB (theoretical. 12dB)
• connector+splicing loss: 3 dB (24*0.1 dB + 2*0.3 dB)
• aging: 1 dB
• attenuation:
o 0.25 dB/km - downstream
Distance:
Interpretation:
39
Maximum range per splitter - configuration
1:2 1:8
1:4
30 km
38 km
40
GPON protocol layers and formats
VG
ONT
OLT optical (TDM/TDMA)
BAS
[AAL5] + Ethernet Ethernet
41
Data Transmission : DOWNSTREAM
?
Downstream : broadcast traffic – use encryption for security (AES)
42
Data Transmission : UPSTREAM
How ?
– Distance OLT – ONT has to be measured
– Timeslots are allocated according to distance
– ONTs only send upstream according to granted timeslot
43
Distance ranging – Why?
20 km
20 km
15 km
t1
? distance
? = (t2 – t1-Δt)/2
Δt Assume this is 75 μs
t2
time ? = 15km
45
GPON frame format
46
DOWNSTREAM : Continuous mode operation
downstream frame
Tx Rx
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GPON frame format – Downstream
1 byte
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GPON frame format – Downstream (cont.)
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GPON frame format – Downstream (cont.)
3 entries
US BW Map
ONT1 slot 75 slot 240 ONT2 slot 280 slot 400 ONT3 slot 430 slot 550
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UPSTREAM : Burst mode operation
upstream frame
Rx Tx
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GPON frame format – Upstream
Header Payload
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GEM encapsulation
TDM
GEM header
payload
PLI PortID PTI CRC payload
L bytes
Type/
GEM allows for MACDA MACSA
Length
Ethernet Payload FCS
• point-to-point emulation
53
3 PON standardization
54
ITU-T standards for GPON
Alcatel-Lucent was the first GPON supplier to disclose its OMCI implementation details
55
OMCI – ONT Management Control Interface
each ONT and the OLT has it’s own OMCI channel
• bandwidth is allocated at PON creation time
protocol?
• the OMCI protocol
PON
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ITU-T G.984.x framework
…
…
OMCI PLOAM
G.984.3 GTC
TC adaptation sublayer
Framing sublayer
Embedded OAM
G.984.2 PMD
PON-PHY
57
Redundancy
• Type B : redundancy to the splitter : redundant LTs and feeder fibers to the
first splitter
** Separate geographical paths required for two feeders to avoid simultaneous fiber cuts **
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PON Feeder Redundancy
• 1+1 redundant feeder fibers from the LT PON to the optical splitter
• Fiber-only protection: redundant fiber can be used in case the other one
fails
** Separate geographical paths required for two feeders to avoid simultaneous fiber cuts **
2:N splitter
PON 1
LT
PON 2
protection
59
www.alcatel-lucent.com
www.alcatel-lucent.com
60
A Considerations
61
Trends towards next generation PON
time
62
Status of ongoing standards activities on NG-PON : FSAN / ITU-T
GPON enhancements
64
Pushing the envelope of PON now
Moving up Capacity, Reach & Split
Capacity
NGA 2
DWDM
OFDM, CDM
2011-2012
Demo Oct 09
NGA 1
XG-PON 1,2
2010 DS: 10G
US: 2.5, 5, 10G
GPON
B+ GPON
mid-span
extender
GPON
>2010
Lab today Coexistence
Preservation of OSP
(power splitters)
65
Readiness for Next Generation PON:
and
backhaul
Increased
split ratio 2.5 RE
Gb/s
More GPON B+ GPON C+ Extended GPON
bandwidth Today 2 2009
3 2009
and
symmetry Reach 20km 30 km 60 km
per Split 32 64 128
subscriber
Less dense areas addressed and central office consolidation
66
Upgrade for 10G GPON Wavelength overlay in both uplink and downlink
WDM to split
GPON from No changes to
10 Gb/s GPON OSP, including
GPON
fiber and splitter GPON
10 Gb/s
10 Gb/s
GPON 10 Gb/s on
different wavelengths GPON
(up and down)
68
ITU-T G.984.5 for co-existence of future PON technologies
UP Reserved DOWN
1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
(1625)
Basic band
WBF is used to obtain the required isolation outside of the guard band
G.984.5 specifies the “X/S” tolerance mask, where X= optical power of interference signal at ONT
I/f and S= optical power of Basic Band signal
Basic Band
X/S (dB)
λ3 λ4’ y2 Λ5’ λ6
λ4 y1 λ5
Basic Band
GPON OLT
NGA ONT
…
Splitter
NGA OLT WDM1 GPON/NGA
GPON/(Video) coupler
(could be replaced by 3:N splitter) GPON ONT
Video-OLT
TX = Optical Transmitter
RX = Optical Receiver WDM WBF RX
V-RX – Video Receiver (NGA) ONT
WBF-V = WBF for blocking the inter- (NGA) TX
ference to V-RX
RX WDM WDM (NGA) = WDM filter in ONT/OLT to
(NGA) combine/isolate wavelengths of (NGA)
TX GPON upstream/downstream (and WBF RX
isolate video signal)
WDM1 = WDM filter (in CO) to WDM (NGA) ONT
WBF-V RX-V + RF video
combine/isolate the wavelengths of (NGA)
(NGA) GPON (and combine the video
signals) TX
71