Modelos atómicos

Science
8th Basic
Ma. José Espinoza Arellano
 Elements
 All matter is made up of
ATOMS (an atom is the
smallest particle of an
element).

 ELEMENT - When all the

atoms in a sample of matter
are the same.

 Examples: Carbon in a pencil

point (C), Oxygen in air (O)
and copper in a penny (Cu). Cu C O
• In total, there are 109 Elements.
Compounds
 Compounds: Made from atoms of two or
more elements that are combined
chemically.
 Compounds can only be separated through
chemical means!

 Ex. NaCl- is table salt, but separately:

 Examples: Water – made from the

elements hydrogen and oxygen. Sugar –
made from the elements carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen.

 A molecule is the smallest particle of a

compound.
Matter and Atoms
 Atoms are the basic building blocks of
matter.
 Atoms have a positively charged center
= nucleus.
 The nucleus contains protons and
neutrons.
 All around the nucleus there are
negatively charged particles = electrons.
 The mass of the electrons is much
smaller than the mass of the protons
and neutrons. Thus, most of the mass in
an atom is located in the nucleus.
Protons, Neutrons & Electrons!
 A neutron is neutral; a proton is positively charged, and an
electron is negatively charged.
 The nucleus is positively charged – why???

Comparison Of Particles In An Atom

Particles Relative Mass Charge Location in Atom

Proton 1 +1 Part of nucleus

Part of nucleus
Neutron 1 0
Electron 0 -1 Moves around
nucleus
Atomic Number
 The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in
its nucleus.
 Example: Every carbon atom has 6 protons. This means its atomic
number is 6 also!
 The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of
protons.
 How many electrons does carbon have???
 An atom is electrically NEUTRAL because it has the same
number of protons and electrons.
 Atomic Number
Carbon –
Atomic
Number is
6, which
means it
has 6
protons
and also 6
electrons!
 Every atom of the same element has the same number
of protons.
 Atoms of different elements have different numbers of
protons – the periodic table is organized by increasing
number of protons (increasing atomic number).
Mass Number
 Number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
 Mass Number = Protons + Neutrons
 Number of Neutrons = (Mass Number) – (Atomic
Number)

 Sodium (Na) has 11 Protons and 12 Neutrons –

What is its Mass Number?
 Mass number of Na = 11 + 12 = 23
Atomic Number & Mass Number
Mass Number
(Protons + Neutrons)

Atomic Number
(# of Protons and Electrons)

• Na has 11 Protons, 11 Electrons, and 12 Neutrons.

Problem #1…

 Which element does He stand for?

 Helium!
 How many protons does He have?
 Two!
 How many electrons does He have?
 Two!
 How many neutrons does He have?
 Two! (Mass number - Atomic number = 4 - 2 = 2)
Problem #2…

 Which element does C stand for?

 Carbon!
 How many protons does C have?
 Six!
 How many electrons does C have?
 Six!
 How many neutrons does C have?
 Six! (Mass number - Atomic number = 12 - 6 = 6)
What do Dinosaurs and Atoms
have in Common? (not in notes)
No one has seen an atom or a dinosaur directly.
We know of their existence only by indirect
evidence. Our theories of both dinosaurs and
atoms has changed over time based on this
indirect evidence
This fossil evidence shows us that some dinosaurs
may evolved into birds.
 Atoms:
Development of the Atomic
Theory
 Demócrito y Leucipo
 Materia:
 constituida por
pequeñísimas
partículas que no
podían ser divididas
en otras más
pequeñas “átomos”.
 Early Greek Theories
 400 B.C. - Democritus thought matter
could not be divided indefinitely.
• This led to the idea of atoms in a void.
fire
Democritus

earth air
water
• 350 B.C - Aristotle modified an earlier
theory that matter was made of four
“elements”: earth, fire, water, air.
• Aristotle was wrong. However, his
Aristotle
theory persisted for 2000 years.
 All atoms:
 Are small hard particles
 Son pequeñas partículas duras
 Are made of a single material
formed into different shapes and
sizes
 Están hechos de un solo material
formado en diferentes formas y
tamaños
 Are always moving, and they
form different materials by joining
together
 Están siempre en movimiento, y
forman diferentes materiales
mediante una unión
La primera teoría científica sobre
el átomo fue propuesta por John
Dalton a principios del siglo XIX
http://moodleshare.org/mod/page/view.php?id=8379
John Dalton
 1803 - British chemist; elements
combine in specific proportions to
form compounds

Solid Sphere Model or

Bowling Ball Model
Proposed by John Dalton
John Dalton
 His Theory:
 All substances are made of atoms that cannot
be created, divided, or destroyed.

 Atoms join with other atoms to make new

substances.

 Atoms of the same element are exactly alike,

and atoms of different elements are different in
mass and size.
 Los átomos de un mismo elemento son
exactamente iguales, y los átomos de diferentes
elementos son diferentes en masa y tamaño.
Teoría Atómica de Dalton:
 1808: “modelo atómico de la
materia” ( base a la química
moderna)

 Discontinuidad de la materia,
(materia dividida en átomos)

 Los principios fundamentales de

esta teoría son:

1. La materia está formada por

minúsculas partículas
indivisibles llamadas átomos.
2. Hay distintas clases de átomos que se
distinguen por su masa y sus propiedades.
 Todos los átomos de un
elemento poseen las mismas
propiedades químicas.

 Isótopos: átomos de un mismo

elemento, que tienen distinta
6 nº + 6 p+
masa, y esa es justamente la
característica que los
diferencia entre sí.
7 nº + 6 p+
3. Los compuestos se forman al combinarse los
átomos de dos o más elementos en proporciones
fijas y sencillas.
 Dalton asignó
al agua la
formula H2O,
al amoníaco
la formula
NH3, etc.
  4. En las reacciones químicas, los
átomos se intercambian de una a otra
sustancia, pero ningún átomo de un
elemento desaparece ni se transforma
en un átomo de otro elemento.

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

(Carbonato de calcio) (Óxido de calcio) (Dióxido de carbono)
J.J. Thomson 1856-1940
 What particle did
Thomson discover? J.J.
Thomson discovered that
atoms are made of
smaller negatively-
charged particles called
electrons.
 Thomson’s discovery
was the result of doing
experiments with
“cathode ray tubes”
Thomson’s Cathode Ray
Experiment
Stream of electrons is attracted to positively charged plate
here.

"What are these particles?

are they atoms, or
molecules, or matter in a still
finer state of subdivision?“ quote by Thomson
The Plum Pudding Model
 Thomson did not know how the
electrons in an atom were
arranged. He believed they
were mixed throughout an
atom.
 He proposed that the atom was a
sphere of positively charged
material. Spread throughout the
atom were the negatively
charged electrons similar to
plums in a pudding or chocolate
chips in ice cream.
Joseph John Thomson:
 El átomo puede dividirse
en las llamadas partículas
fundamentales:

 Electrones

 Protones

 Neutrones, (↑↑↑ masa

que la de e- y p+).
 Identificació
n de
electrones, a
través del
estudio de los
rayos
catódicos

Pudín o budín de ciruelas

E. Rutherford:
 “Modelo planetario”.
 Considera que el átomo se
divide en:
 Un núcleo central
 Una corteza: e- giran
alrededor del núcleo en
órbitas circulares, de
forma similar a como los
planetas giran alrededor
del Sol.
 Núcleo pequeño – átomo
hueco
 (núcleos
de helio)
pantalla
fluorescente

Pocas se desvían

“En los núcleos de los átomos tenían

que existir otras partículas de masa
casi igual a la del protón, pero sin
carga eléctrica”
 El neutrón fue descubierto experimentalmente
en 1932 por Chadwick, quien, al bombardear
el berilio con partículas α.
 Niels Bohr:
 El átomo solo puede tener
ciertos niveles de energía
definidos (órbitas).

 Los electrones solo

pueden girar en ciertas
órbitas de radios
determinados.

 Estas órbitas son

estacionarias, en ellas el
electrón no emite energía:
la energía cinética del
electrón equilibra
exactamente la atracción
electrostática entre las
cargas opuestas de núcleo
y electrón.
Modelo mecano-cuántico
 Heisenberg y Schrodinger,
1925: Nube Electrónica

 Principio de indeterminación: Es
imposible situar a un electrón
en un punto exacto del espacio.

 Descripción del comportamiento

de los electrones dentro del
átomo, y recogen su carácter
ondulatorio y la imposibilidad de
predecir sus trayectorias
exactas.
The Modern Theory of the Atom
 Electrons
travel in
regions
called
“electron
clouds”
 You cannot
predict
exactly
where an
electron
will be
http://www.fearofphysics.com/Atom/atom3.html
found
Energy Levels
The energy that an electron
has is based on its location
around the nucleus.
(Electrons that are closer
to the nucleus have less
energy than those that are
farther away from the
nucleus)
How can bookshelves help you understand
the movement of electrons?
•Each shelf represents an energy level
•Each book represents an electron
•You can move a book to a higher or lower shelf
with the correct amount of energy.
•A book cannot be between shelves
(An electron can move by gaining or losing energy
but can never be between energy levels)
How small are atoms?

THERE ARE 2 X 1022 ATOMS IN A PENNY. If all the atoms in a penny were
blown up to the size of a grain of sand they would cover the entire state of
California
What can a scanning
tunneling electron
microscope show us?
 These images do not
show an actual
picture of an atom.
They show a color-
enhanced image of
the surface of a
material at the
atomic level.
Erwin Shrodinger
 1924 - Austrian physicist; developed the
electron cloud model

Electron Cloud Model

Proposed by Erwin
Schrodinger
Erwin Shrodinger
 His Theory:
 The exact path of electrons cannot be predicted.

 The region referred to as the electron cloud, is an

area where electrons can likely be found.