CHILLED WATER SYSTEM

OPTIMIZATION
 Introductions

Bernard A. Fernandez
Sales Engineer
Carrier Corporation
 Agenda

• How Are Systems

Evaluated Today ? (ARI
550/590-98)
• How Will Chiller Systems
Be Evaluated
Tomorrow ? / Why ?
How Are Water Chillers Evaluated Today?

Full Load Efficiency

and
Part Load Efficiency
(IPLV)
ARI Released The New Standard in
December 1998

1998
STANDARD for

WATER Available through

CHILLING
PACKAGES the ARI web site:
USING THE
VAPOR WWW.ARI.ORG
COMPRESSION
CYCLE

ARI
AIR-CONDITIONING &
REFRIGERATION
Standard 550/590
INSTITUTE

4301 NORTH FAIRFAX DRIVE ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22203

 ARI PART LOAD
WEIGHTING FACTORS
kW / TON
IPLV 1
OR = 0.01 + 0.42 + 0.45 + 0.12
APLV A B C D

WEIGHTED
%
ARI550/590-98

1% 42% 45% 12%

LOAD 100% 75% 50% 25%

 Condenser Water Turndown

90

85

80

75 ARI 550/590-98

70

65

60
25% 50% 75% 100%
 1998
STANDARD for

WATER Per ARI 550/590-98 White

CHILLING
PACKAGES Paper
USING THE
VAPOR
COMPRESSION
CYCLE
“…IPLV represents an
average
single chiller application,
ARI it may not be
AIR-CONDITIONING &
REFRIGERATION
INSTITUTE
Standard 550/590
representative of a
4301 NORTH FAIRFAX DRIVE ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22203 particular job installation.”
 Evaluating Systems

• The IPLV Formula Does Not Describe

Reality
– Building Load Profiles
 Building Load Profiles
100%
Process

90%

80%

70%

60%
ARI Load Profile
Bldg Load %
50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Min 57.5 Max
Temp Bin
 Evaluating Systems

• The IPLV Formula Does Not Describe

Reality
– Building Load Profiles
– Multiple Chillers
 Mix Of Chillers Sold 1997 / 1998

3.3%
4 Chillers
1 Chiller
3 Chillers 14.3%
15.4%
1 Chiller Into
23.7% Existing Multi-
Chiller Installation

43.3%
2 Chillers

85% Are Multiple Chiller Jobs

Source: Review of Industry Shipments
 Three Chillers: 33/33/33%Operation

100

90

80
%

70
Chiller Load

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
4% 12% 20% 28% 36% 44% 52% 60% 68% 76% 84% 92% 100%
BL BL BL BL BL BL BL BL BL BL BL BL BL
Building
Load
%
 Three Chillers: 33/33/33%Operation

100

90
%

80

70
Chiller Load

60

50

40

30
57% of the new IPLV
20
weighting is at these
10
points
0
4% 12% 20% 28% 36% 44% 52% 60% 68% 76% 84% 92% 100%
Building BL BL BL BL BL BL BL BL BL BL BL BL BL
Load
%
 Three Chillers: 33/33/33%Operation

100

90
%

80

70
Chiller Load

60

50 85 ?? 85 Degrees
40

30

20

10

0
4% BL 20% BL 36% BL 52% BL 68% BL 84% BL 100% BL
Building
Load
%
 Evaluating Systems

• The IPLV Formula Does Not Describe

Reality
– Building Load Profiles
– Multiple Chillers
– Local Weather Data
– Mixing Chillers
– Economizer Operation
– Demand Charges
– Tower Efficiency…..etc.
 There is a Better Solution

Chiller System Optimizer Will Evaluate

YOUR System
“It is best to use a comprehensive
analysis that reflects the ...
• Actual weather data
• Building load characteristics
• Number of chillers
• Operational hours
• Economizer capabilities
• Energy drawn by auxiliaries such as pumps and
cooling towers,
– especially for multiple chiller systems”
 The CSO will help

• Estimate chiller plant energy cost

• Compare various system to determine
which one is most cost effective
• Compare VFD vs Constant speed
• Compare cooling towers large vs small
• Calculate savings from economizer
cooling cycles
IPLV and SPLV
Are Calculated In
The Same Way
Inputs
Chiller Plant Efficiency Comparison
Energy Cost By Month
System PLV Report
System Load Profiles

Chillers operating at lower condenser water are

able to provide more capacity. This equates to
less cooling towers and pumps operating.
 ACCUMETER FLOW 1281
.535
CONTROL

kW/ Tons
Ton

1048
.434
85oF 80oF 75oF 70oF 65oF 60oF
Entering Condenser Water Temperature
Result: Increased Tons, Decreased
kW/Ton with Lower Entering Condenser
Condenser Temperature Profiles
System Performance Profile
1500 Ton, Water Cooled Chiller Job

The Best Solution…...

(3) 500 Ton

Centrifugal
 Or... Is There A Better Solution?

Large Small
Screw Screw
 CONSTANT SPEED OR VFD’s

• DOES THE OPTIMAL SYSTEM CONSIST OF

– ALL CONSTANT SPEED MACHINES?
– VFD ON THE LEAD MACHINE?
– VFD ON ALL MACHINES?

IT DEPENDS
 WHAT’S A BETTER TOWER CHOICE:
BIG or SMALL TOWER?

??

Larger towers mean colder condenser

water temps for the chiller
 What Does This Do For Me?

• True System Modeling

– Minimize Assumptions
• Enhance Your Productivity
– Easy To Compare Different Chiller Systems
– Put a $ Value On Different Scenarios
• Good Tool To Use With Your Customers
– Shows You Provided The Best System
 Bernard A. Fernandez

• Carrier Corporation
780 Dedham St.
Canton, Ma 02026

• Phone 781-774-6310
Fax 781-774-6399