Generating Full-Factorial Models in Minitab

We
We want
want to to generate
generate aa design
design for
for
aa 22 full
33
full factorial
factorial model.
model.
22 xx 22 xx 22 == 88 runs
runs

Click
Click on
on down
down arrow
arrow
and
and select
select number
number of of
factors.
factors. For
For this
this
example
example it’s
it’s 3.
3.

Enter
Enter 22 replicates.
replicates. Highlight
Highlight desired
desired
design
design fromfrom list.
list. For
For
33 factors,
factors, there
there are
are
two
two options.
options.
 Generating Full-Factorial Models in Minitab

Click on Factors button

After selecting the design, you can name the factors (X’s)
and define their low and high values
 Generating Full-Factorial Models in Minitab

After entering your factors,

Click on the Options button
& De-Select the
“Randomize runs”

Then click “OK”

twice
 …What Do You See

Notice Minitab gives you the values you

need to run your experiment—not –1 and +1.

Since we didn’t
randomize and
we made Start
Angle factor C,
we only need to
change start
angle once.

It is recommended to
RANDOMIZE
YOUR EXPERIMENT
Notes:
1) A new worksheet will be created for the design.
2) The Minitab default is to randomize the run order.
For our Design
 Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Step 9

Let’s look at some graphs

 Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Step 9

Click on the double

arrow button to transfer
all available terms into
selected terms

Perform these steps

in both setup—Main
Effects & Interactions

Make sure you have “Distance” in the Responses box

 Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Step 9

It looks like Start Angle and Pin Position had a big effect
on our Y--Distance
 Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Step 9

Since the lines are nearly parallel, the two-way

interactions will probably be insignificant
Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Step 9

Go to Stat>DOE>Analyze Factorial Design

 Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Step 9

1. Put Distance in
Responses:
3. Then Pareto with
Alpha = 0.05

2. Click on Graphs

3. Click on these 3 Plots

4. Finally click Ok
 Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Step 9

1. Then click on Storage

3. Then Ok and Ok

2. Select Fits & Residuals

 Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Step 9

These 3 graphs give you a good idea about what’s going on

 Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Steps 10 & 11

Steps 10 & 11: Plot & Interpret the Residuals

• Residuals are the difference between the actual Y value and the Y
value predicted by the regression equation.
• Residuals should
» be randomly and normally distributed about a mean of zero
» not correlate with the predicted Y
» not exhibit trends over time (if data chronological)
• Stat > DOE > Analyze Factorial Design, Graphs button
» Select
 normal plot of residuals
 residuals against fits
 residuals against order
• Any trends or patterns in the residual plots indicates inadequacies in
the regression model, such as missing Xs or nonlinear relationships.
Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Steps 10 & 11

Let’s look at each graph individually

Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Steps 10 & 11

But first lets perform a Normality test on

The residuals by going to:
Stat>Basic Statistics>Normality Test

In variable, select RESI1

Then click Ok
 Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Steps 10 & 11

Normal Probability Plot of the Residuals

(response is Distance)

1.5 P-value: 0.497

1.0

0.5
Normal Score

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
Normal Probability Plot
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Residual
.999
.99
.95

Probability
.80
.50
Residuals Look normal .20
.05
.01
.001
If residuals are not normal, your model
-2 0 2
may not predict very well RESI1
Average: 0.0000000 Anderson-Darling Normality Test
StDev: 1.49443 A-Squared: 0.322
N: 16 P-Value: 0.497
Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Steps 10 & 11

Residuals Versus the Order of the Data

(response is Distance)

1
Residual

-1

-2

-3
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Observation Order

No trends in this graph

 Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Steps 10 & 11

Residuals Versus the Fitted Values

(response is Distance)

1
Residual

-1

-2

-3
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

Fitted Value

This graph indicates there might be more variability in the

smaller distances, but with only two reps, we’ll press on!
 Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Step 12
Examine the Factor Effects

We’ll keep
Anything with
A low P-value
Lower than 0.05

Since we’re keeping the 3-way interaction, we need to include stop position in the model
 Analyzing the Results of the DOE: Step 12
Examine the Factor Effects

Put 2-way
interactions
back in
Available Terms

Go back in Stat>DOE>Analyze Factorial Design and click on Terms, then remove the two-way interactions
Step 13: Develop Prediction Models

Coefficients for the

Coded model
Y = 145.4 – 11.3A + 0.7B + 29.2C –1.31ABC

Coefficients for the

Uncoded model

Y = -339.4 – 9.4A + 2.9B + 2.9C

 For the Coded Model
YY == 145.4
145.4 –– 11.3A
11.3A ++ 0.7B
0.7B ++ 29.2C
29.2C –1.31ABC
–1.31ABC

145 = 145.4 – 11.3 (Pin Position) + 0.7(Stop Position) +

29.2(Start Angle) – 1.3(ABC)
• Let’s just arbitrarily set A & B to some value since they are discrete
Set Pin Position to 0 (coded) which equates to 2 (actual: what you set in your design)
Stop Position at –1 (coded) which equates to 2 (actual: what you set in your design)
• Let’s figure out Start Angle
145 = 145.4 – 11.3(0) + 0.7(-1) + 29.2 (Start Angle) – 1.31(0*-1*C)
145 = 145.4 – 0 – 0.7 + 29.2(Start Angle) - 0
145 – 145.4 + 0.7 = 29.2(Start Angle)
0.3 = 29.2(Start Angle)
0.01 = Start Angle 160 170 170.1 180
Converting from the coded units:
-1 0 0.01 +1
 For the Un-coded Model
YY == -339.4
-339.4 –– 9.4A
9.4A ++ 2.9B
2.9B ++ 2.9C
2.9C –0.0ABC
–0.0ABC

145 = -339.4 – 9.4 (Pin Position) + 2.9(Stop Position) + 2.9(Start Angle)

• Let’s just arbitrarily set A & B to some value since they are discrete
Set Pin Position to 2
Stop Position at 2
• Let’s figure out Start Angle
145 = -339.4 – 9.4(2) + 2.9(2) + 2.9(Start Angle)
145 = -339.4 – 18.8 + 5.8 + 2.9(Start Angle)
497.4 = 2.9(Start Angle)
497.4 / 2.9 = (Start Angle)
171.5 = Start Angle