COMPLEX NUMBERS

AND POLAR
COORDINATES
1.0 Complex Numbers
1.2 Trigonometric Form for
Complex Numbers
Slide 6-1
8.1 Complex Numbers

 i  1
2
and i  1
 i is the imaginary unit
 Numbers in the form a + bi are called complex
numbers
 a is the real part
 b is the imaginary part

If a  0, then a  i a .

Slide 8-2
Examples
 a) b)
25  i 25  5i 30  i 30

 c)
125  i 125  i 25  5  5i 5

 d) 3  3  i 3  i 3 e) 98  98

 3
2
49 49
i 2

98
 1  3 i i 2
49
 3

Slide 8-3
Example: Solving Quadratic
Equations
 Solve x = 25
 Take the square root on both sides.
x 2  25
x 2   25
x  i 25
x  5i
 The solution set is {5i}.

Slide 8-4
Another Example
 Solve: x2 + 54 = 0

x 2  54  0
x 2  54
x   54
x  i 54  i 9  6
x  3i 6
 The solution set is 3i 6.

Slide 8-5
Example: Products and Quotients
 Multiply:  Divide: 56
8  8. .
8
56 i 56
8  8  i 8  i 8 
8 8
 8
2
i 
2
i  1
2
56
i
 1  8 8
 8 i 7

Slide 8-6
Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

 For complex numbers a + bi and c + di,

(a  bi )  (c  di )  (a  c)  (b  d )i
(a  bi )  (c  di )  (a  c)  (b  d )i
 Examples

(4  6i) + (3 + 7i) (10  4i)  (5  2i)

= [4 + (3)] + [6 + 7]i = (10  5) + [4  (2)]i
=1+i = 5  2i

Slide 8-7
 Multiplication of Complex
Numbers
 For complex numbers a + bi and c + di,

(a  bi)(c  di)  (ac  bd)  (ad  bc)i.

 The product of two complex numbers is found by

multiplying as if the numbers were binomials and
using the fact that i2 = 1.

Slide 8-8
 Examples: Multiplying
 (2  4i)(3 + 5i)  (7 + 3i)2

 2(3)  2(5i)  4i(3)  4i(5i)  7 2  2(7)(3i )  (3i) 2

 6  10i  12i  20i 2  49  42i  9i 2
 6  2i  20(1)  49  42i  9(1)
 26  2i  40  42i

Slide 8-9
 Powers of i
 i1 = i i5 = i i9 = i

 i2 = 1 i6 = 1 i10 = 1

 i3 = i i7 = i i11 = i

 i4 = 1 i8 = 1 i12 = 1
and so on.

Slide 8-10
 Simplifying Examples
 i17  i4

i4 = 1 1 1
4
 1
i 1
i17 = (i4)4 • i
= 1•i
=i

Slide 8-11
Property of Complex Conjugates
For real numbers a and b,  Example
(a + bi)(a  bi) = a2 + b2. 5  3i
2i
(5  3i )(2  i )

(2  i )(2  i )
The product of a complex
10  5i  6i  3i 2
number and its conjugate 
is always a real number. 4  i2
7  11i

5
7 11i
 
5 5

Slide 8-12
8.2 Trigonometric Form for Complex Numbers

 We modify the familiar coordinate system by

calling the horizontal axis the real axis and the
vertical axis the imaginary axis.
 Each complex number a + bi determines a
unique position vector with initial point (0, 0) and
terminal point (a, b).

Slide 8-13
 Relationships Among x, y, r,
and 

x  r cos
y  r sin 

r  x2  y2
y
tan   , if x  0
x

Slide 8-14
 Trigonometric (Polar) Form of
a Complex Number
 The expression
r (cos  i sin  )

is called the trigonometric form or (polar form)

of the complex number x + yi. The expression
cos  + i sin  is sometimes abbreviated cis .
Using this notation

r (cos  i sin  ) is written r cis  .

Slide 8-15
 Example
 Express 2(cos 120 + i sin 120) in rectangular form.

1  1 3
 cos120   2(cos120  i sin120 )  2   , i 
2  2 2 
3  1  i 3
sin120 
2

 Notice that the real part is negative and the imaginary

part is positive, this is consistent with 120 degrees being
a quadrant II angle.

Slide 8-16
Converting from Rectangular Form
to Trigonometric Form
 Step 1 Sketch a graph of the number x + yi in
the complex plane.

 Step 2 Find r by using the equation

r  x2  y 2 .

 Step 3 Find  by using the equation

tan   x , x  0 choosing the quadrant
y

indicated in Step 1.

Slide 8-17
Example
 Example: Find trigonometric notation for 1  i.
 First, find r.
1  2 1  2
r  a b
2 2
sin    cos  
2 2 2 2
r  (1) 2  (1) 2 5

r 2 4

 Thus,  5 5  5
1  i  2  cos  i sin  or 2 cis
 4 4  4

Slide 8-18
Product Theorem
 If r1   cos1  i sin 1  and r2  cos 2  i sin  2  , are any
two complex numbers, then

 r1  cos1  i sin 1     r2  cos 2  i sin  2 

 r1r2 cos 1   2   i sin 1   2   .
 In compact form, this is written

 r1 cis 1  r2 cis 2   r1r2 cis 1  2 .

Slide 8-19
Example: Product
 Find the product of
4(cos50  i sin 50 ) and 2(cos10  i sin10 ).
 4(cos50  isin50 )    2(cos10  isin10 ) 
   
 4  2 cos(50  10 )  isin(50  10 ) 
 8(cos60  isin 60 )
1 3
 8  i 
2 2 

 4  4i 3
Slide 8-20
 Quotient Theorem
 If r1   cos1  i sin 1  and 2  2 r cos  i sin  2 
are any two complex numbers, where then

r2  cos 2  i sin  2  , r2  0,
r1  cos1  i sin 1  r1
 cos 1   2   i sin 1   2   .
r2  cos 2  i sin  2  r2
In compact form, this is written
r1 cis 1 r1
 cis 1   2 
r2 cis  2 r2

Slide 8-21
 Example: Quotient
 Find the quotient.
16(cos 70  i sin 70 ) and 4(cos 40  i sin 40 )
16(cos70  isin 70 ) 16
4(cos 40  isin 40 )
=
4
cos(70  40 )  isin(70  40 ) 
 4cos30  isin 30
 3 1 
 4  i
 2 2 
 2 3  2i

Slide 8-22
 De Moivre’s Theorem
 If r1   cos1  i sin 1  is a complex number, and if
n is any real number, then

 r  cos1  i sin 1   r n  cos n  i sin n .

n

 In compact form, this is written

    cis n .
n
r cis  r n

Slide 8-23
Example: Find (1  i)5 and express the result in
rectangular form.

 First, find trigonometric notation for 1  i

1  i  2  cos 225  i sin 225
 Theorem
 1  i    2  cos 225  i sin 225  
5 5

 2  cos(5  225 )  i sin(5  225 ) 

5


 4 2  cos1125  i sin1125 
 2 2
 4 2 i 
 2 2 
 4  4i

Slide 8-24
 nth Roots
 For a positive integer n, the complex number
a + bi is an nth root of the complex number x + yi
if
 a  bi   x  yi.
n

Slide 8-25
 nth Root Theorem
 If n is any positive integer, r is a positive real
number, and  is in degrees, then the nonzero
complex number r(cos  + i sin ) has exactly n
distinct nth roots, given by

n
r  cos  i sin   or n
r cis  ,
 where

  360  k  360  k
 or  =  , k  0,1,2,..., n  1.
n n n

Slide 8-26
 Example: Square Roots
 Find the square roots of
 Trigonometric notation:
1  3i
1  3 i  2 cos60  isin60
1
  60 360   60 360  
 
1
 2 cos60  isin60   2 cos   k 
2 2
  isin   k   
    
 2 2 2 2 
  
 2 cos 30  k 180  isin 30  k 180  
 For k = 0, root is 
2 cos30  isin30 
 For k = 1, root is 2 cos 210  isin 210

Slide 8-27
 Example: Fourth Root
 Find all fourth roots of 8  8i 3. Write the
roots in rectangular form.
 Write in trigonometric form.
8  8i 3  16 cis 120
 Here r = 16 and  = 120. The fourth roots of this
number have absolute value 4
16  2.

120 360  k
   30  90  k
4 4

Slide 8-28
 Example: Fourth Root
continued
 There are four fourth roots, let k = 0, 1, 2 and 3.
k 0   30  90  0  30
k 1   30  90  1  120
k 2   30  90  2  210
k 3   30  90  3  300

 Using these angles, the fourth roots are

2 cis 30 , 2 cis 120 , 2 cis 210 , 2 cis 300

Slide 8-29
 Example: Fourth Root
continued
 Written in rectangular
form
3i
1  i 3
 3 i
1 i 3

 The graphs of the roots

are all on a circle that has
center at the origin and
radius 2.

Slide 8-30
 Polar Coordinate System
 The polar coordinate
system is based on a
point, called the pole, and
a ray, called the polar
axis.

Slide 8-31
 Rectangular and Polar
Coordinates
 If a point has rectangular coordinates (x, y) and
polar coordinates (r, ), then these coordinates
are related as follows.

x  r cos y  r sin 
y
tan   , x  0
r  x2  y 2 x

Slide 8-32
 Example
 Plot the point on a polar
coordinate system. Then
determine the rectangular
coordinates of the point.
P(2, 30)
r = 2 and  = 30, so point P
is located 2 units from the
origin in the positive
direction making a 30
angle with the polar axis.

Slide 8-33
 Example continued
 Using the conversion formulas:

x  r cos y  r sin 
x  2cos30 y  2sin 30
 3 1
x  2  3 y  2   1
 2  2
 The rectangular coordinates are  1
 3,  .
 2

Slide 8-34
 Example
 Convert (4, 2) to polar coordinates.

r  x2  y 2 2 1
tan   
4 2
r  42  22
  26.6
r  16  4
r  20  2 5

 Thus (r, ) = 2 5,26.6 

Slide 8-35
 Rectangular and Polar
Equations
 To convert a rectangular equation into a polar
equation, use

x  r cos and y  r sin 

and solve for r.

For the linear equation ax  by  c,

c
you will get the polar equation r  .
a cos  bsin 

Slide 8-36
 Example
 Convert x + 2y = 10 into a polar equation.
x + 2y = 10
c
r
a cos  b sin 
10
r
1cos  2 sin 
10
r
cos  2sin 

Slide 8-37
 Example
 Graph r = 2 sin 
 r  r
0 0 135 -
1.414
30 -1 150 -1
45 - 180 0
1.414
60 - 270 2
1.732
90 -2 315 1.414
120 - 330 1
1.732

Slide 8-38
 Example
 Graph r = 2 cos 3

 0 15 30 45 60 75 90

r 2 1.41 0 1.41 2 1.41 0

Slide 8-39
 Example
 Convert r = 3 cos   sin  into a rectangular
equation.

r  3cos   sin 
r 2  3r cos   r sin 
x  y  3 x  y
2 2

x 2  3 x  y  y 2

Slide 8-40
Circles and Lemniscates

Slide 8-41
Limacons

Slide 8-42
Rose Curves

Slide 8-43