USAGE AND DEMAND

OF WATER SUPPLY

CHAPTER 2
 CONTENT
• At the end of this chapter, student could be
able to
• 2.1 Understand on water demand
• 2.2 Know the population growth estimation
• 2.3 Understand the water demand forecasting
 UNDERSTAND
ON
WATER DEMAND
 CLASSIFY THE CATEGORIES OF
WATER USAGE
a) Domestic
b) Commercial
c) Industrial
d) Agricultural
e) Public
f) Non Revenue Water (NRW)
 DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND
• Includes the quantity of water required in the
houses for drinking, bathing, cooking, washing
etc.
• The quantity of water required for domestic use
mainly depends on the habits, social status,
climatic conditions and customs of people.
• The increase in water consumption in developed
countries in mainly due to use of air cooler, air
conditioners, maintenance of lawns, automatic
household appliances such as home laundries,
dishwashers etc
 Average Domestic Water Consumption In An
Indian City

Use Consumption in
litre/day/person
Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Bathing 55
Washing of clothes 20
Washing of utensils 10
Washing and cleaning of 10
houses and residences
Flushing of Latrines etc 30
Total 135
Domestic Consumption Litre Per
Capita Per Day 2010 - 2011
 COMMERCIAL DEMAND
• Commercial building and commercial centre
include office building, warehouse, stores,
hotels, shopping centre, school etc.
• The water requirements of commercial and
public places maybe up to 45 litres/day/capita
 INDUSTRIAL DEMAND
• It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water use is
industrial.
• The water required in the industries mainly depends on the
type and size of industries which are existing in the city
• Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams,
thermoelectric power plants, which use water for cooling,
oil refineries, which use water in chemical processes, and
manufacturing plants, which use water as a solvent.
• Water withdrawal can be very high for certain industries,
but consumption is generally much lower than that of
agriculture.
 AGRICULTURAL
• It is estimated that 69% of worldwide water use is for
irrigation, with 15-35% of irrigation withdrawals being
unsustainable.
• It takes around 3,000 litres of water, converted from
liquid to vapour, to produce enough food to satisfy one
person's daily dietary need.
• This is a considerable amount, when compared to that
required for drinking, which is between two and five
litres.
• To produce food for the now over 7 billion people who
inhabit the planet today requires the water that would
fill a canal ten metres deep, 100 metres wide and 7.1
million kilometres long – that's enough to circle the
globe 180 times.
 PUBLIC USAGE
• Quantity of water required for public utility
purposed such as for washing and sprinkling
of roads cleaning of sewers, watering of public
parks, garden, public fountain etc.
• Possible unfiltered water can be directly used
for public purposes. For fire fighting purposed,
this water may also used
 Non Revenue Water (NRW)

• Non revenue water (NRW) is water that has

been produced and is “lost” before it reaches
the customer.
• Losses can be real losses (through leaks,
sometimes also referred to as physical losses)
or apparent losses (for example through theft
or metering inaccuracies).
 Non Revenue Water (NRW)
• All the water, which goes in the distribution,
pipes does not reach the consumers. The
following are the reasons
1. Losses due to defective pipe joints, cracked and
broken pipes, faulty valves and fittings.
2. Losses due to, consumers keep open their taps of
public taps even when they are not using the
water and allow the continuous wastage of water
3. Losses due to unauthorised and illegal
connections
Non Revenue Water (NRW) 2010 - 2011
 POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION
• factors effecting the population growth
a) Birth rate
Ia mungkin menurun sekiranya amalan merancang
keluarga dipraktikan oleh penduduknya. Masyarakat
berpendidikan tinggi lazimnya tidak gemarkan
bilangan anak yang ramai. Polisi sesebuah kerjaan
juga boleh mengubah kadar kelahiran yang lazim.
 factors effecting the population
growth (cont.)
b) Mortality rate
Dengan kemajuan pesat di bidang perubatan, kadar
kematian dapat dikurangkan. Kadar kematian bertambah
apabila wabak penyakit yang membunuh dan bencana alam
seperti gempa bumi.

c)Migration rate
Bergantung kepada industri dan aktiviti perdagangan di
sesebuah bandar.
 ESTIMATE FUTURE POPULATION
USING VARIOUS METHODS
a. Arithmetic Increase Method
b. Geometric Increase Method
c. Incremental Increase Method
d. Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
e. Simple Graphical Method
f. Comparative Graphical Method
g. Ratio Method
 WATER DEMAND FORECASTING
• Define the per capita demand
permintaan purata tahunan bagi kegunaan
seseorang dalam sehari termasuk kegunaan
lain

q (liter/day) = Total water demand for one year (liter)

365 day x population
 WATER DEMAND FORECASTING
• Can divide into three categories:

bandar 230-320 liter/kapita/hari

Separa/pinggir bandar 180-230 liter/kapita/hari
Luar bandar/kampung 135-180 liter/kapita/hari
Factors Affect Per Capital Demand
• Size of the city: Per capita demand for big
cities is generally large as compared to that for
smaller towns as big cities have sewered
houses.
• Presence of industries.
• Climatic conditions.
• Habits of people and their economic status.
• Quality of water: If water is aesthetically $
medically safe, the consumption will increase
as people will not resort to private wells, etc.
Factors Affect Per Capital Demand
• Pressure in the distribution system.
• Efficiency of water works administration:
Leaks in water mains and services; and
unauthorized use of water can be kept to a
minimum by surveys.
• Cost of water.
• Policy of metering and charging method:
Water tax is charged in two different ways: on
the basis of meter reading and on the basis of
certain fixed monthly rate
Factors Influencing Water Demand
a) SERVICE FACTOR
b) DESIGN FACTOR
 SERVICE FACTOR, F1
• Faktor perkhidmatan menggambarkan peratus
penduduk yang akan dibekalkan dengan air. Oleh
kerana Malaysia adalah sebuah negara yang sedang
membangun, maka peruntukan kewangan yang
mencukupi menjadi penghalang kepada bekalan air
100%. Jadi pihak berkuasa air menetapkan
matlamat dan polisi yang selaras dengan
peruntukan yang ada bagi bekalan air yang
mencukupi
 DESIGN FACTOR, F2
• Bertujuan untuk
mengimbangi perbezaan
permintaan air mengikut
bulan kebulan oleh faktor Domestik 2.5
seperti musim, tabiat
masyarakat dan aktiviti Komersial/ 2.5
seperti perindustrian,
perdagangan dan pertanian institusi/ sekolah
yang tidak seragam. Industri ringan 1.5
• Nilai faktor reka bentuk
seperti berikut:- Industri khusus 1.0
 Estimate the water demand using the
water demand formula

WD m = ( Pn x F1 x F2 ) + Dm

WDm = water demand estimation for ‘n’ year.

Pn = population growth for ‘n’ year
F1 = service factor
F2 = design factor
Dm = additional demand