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IT-ELEC 1: Management Information System

 System; component, interaction, goal – input,


process, output
◦ A set of elements or components that work
together and interact to accomplish goals
 A Windows system is a personal computer
running the Windows operating system. A
desktop publishing system is a computer
running desktop publishing software.
◦ A combination of components working together
 a computer system includes both hardware and
software.

◦ An organization or methodology
 The binary numbering system, for instance, is a
way to count using only two digits.
Elements
System Goal
Processing
Inputs Outputs
elements
Actors, director, Filming, Finished film Entertaining
staff, sets, editing, delivered to movie, film
Movie equipment special movie studio awards,
effects, profits
distribution
 System boundary
◦ Defines the system and distinguishes it from
everything else
◦ Systems are not independent. They are a part of
their environments.
◦ Information systems:generally integrated and
interact with other systems.
◦ But they are not open ended
◦ Open vs. closed :
 Open system
 regularly exchanges feedback with its external
environment
 porous boundaries through which useful
feedback can readily be exchanged and
understood.
 continuously exchange feedback with their
environments, analyze that feedback, adjust
internal systems as needed to achieve the
system’s goals, and then transmit necessary
information back out to the environment.
◦ Open vs. closed :
 Closed system:
 have hard boundaries through which little
information is exchanged. (nearly no
interaction with environments)
 Organizations that have closed boundaries
often are unhealthy. Examples include
bureaucracies, monopolies and stagnating
systems.
 Adaptive vs. nonadaptive
 Adaptive system:
 Adoptive to environment
 agents (which may represent cells, species,
individuals, firms, nations) acting in parallel,
constantly acting and reacting to what the other
agents are doing.
 ability to recognize the shape of a problem and
tailor its responses, changes its behavior based on
its environment.
 handle complex problems
 Non-adaptive System
 Fail to adopt to environment
 Steady
 Stable vs. dynamic
 Dynamic systems :
 Fluctuate rapidly
 Such systems have the capacity of ‘remembering’ what
it had been subjected to previously, or has some
memory built into it.
 Described by dynamic equations or differential
equations of appropriate type.
 Boundaries can be difficult to identify when systems
can be very dynamic.
 Stable/ Static Systems:
 In equilibrium (steady state) with no significant changes
taking place.
 Described in simple mathematical terms by a set of
algebraic equations.
◦ Deterministic vs. Stochastic
 Deterministic: predictable in every detail

 Stochastic: Behaviour is affected by random


inputs
 Efficiency
◦ A measure of what is produced divided by what is
consumed
 Effectiveness
◦ A measure of the extent to which a system
achieves its goals
 System performance standard
◦ A specific objective of the system
 System variable
◦ A quantity or item that can be controlled by the
decision maker
◦ E.g. the price a company charges for a product
 System parameter
◦ A value or quantity that cannot be controlled by
the decision maker
◦ E.g., cost of a raw material
 Model
◦ An abstraction or an approximation that is used
to represent reality
 Types of models
◦ Narrative (descriptive)
◦ Physical
◦ Schematic
◦ Mathematical
 Systems development
◦ The activity of creating or modifying an existing business
system
 Systems investigation and analysis
◦ Defines the problems and opportunities of an existing
system
 Systems design
◦ Determine how a new system will work to meet business
needs
 Systems implementation
◦ Creating and acquiring system components defined in the
design
 Systems maintenance and review
◦ Checks and modifies the system so that it continues to
meet changing business needs

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