Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Methods
Magnetic Particle
Liquid Penetrant
Eddy Current
Radiography
Ultrasonic
Acoustic Emission
Magnetic
Magnetic
Particle
Particle
Testing
Testing
Magnetic Particle
Magnetic Particle Testing
Testing
Magnetic Particle Testing
Magnetic particle inspection is a
method that can be used to find
surface and near surface flaws in
ferromagnetic materials such as
steel and iron.
Magnetic Particle Testing
The technique uses the principle that
magnetic lines of force (flux) will be
distorted by the presence of a flaw in a
manner that will reveal it's presence.
IRON POWDER
N S
S N S N
CRACK
Magnetic Particle Testing
IRON POWDER
CRACK N S
COIL
(COMPLETELY
CLOSED MAGNET)
Magnetic Particle Testing
The flaw (for example, a crack) is located
from the "flux leakage", following the
application of fine iron particles, to the area
under examination. There are variations in
the way the magnetic field is applied.
IRON POWDER IRON POWDER
CRACK
N S
N S
S N
CRACK
Magnetic Particle Testing
The iron particles can be applied dry or
wet; suspended in a liquid, colored or
fluorescent. While magnetic particle
inspection is primarily used to find
surface breaking flaws, it can also be
used to locate sub-surface flaws. But it's
effectiveness quickly diminishes
depending on the flaw depth and type.
Magnetic Particle Testing
Surface irregularities and scratches can
give misleading indications. Therefore it
is necessary to ensure careful
preparation of the surface before
magnetic particle testing is undertaken.
Liquid
Liquid
Penetrant
Penetrant
Testing
Testing
Liquid Penetrant
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Testing
Liquid penetrant inspection is a
method that is used to reveal
surface breaking flaws by bleedout
of a colored or fluorescent dye
from the flaw.
Liquid Penetrant
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Testing
The technique is based on the ability of a
liquid to be drawn into a "clean" surface
breaking flaw by capillary action.
Penetration
Penetration
Penetrant
Fluorescent
penetrant on surface
seeps into the crack.
Liquid Penetrant
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Testing
Emulsifies is applied to the penetrant. Emulsifier
mixes with penetrant on the surface, but
penetrant in the crack is not emulsified.
Emulsifier makes the mixture washable .
Emulsification
Emulsification
Emulsifier and
penetrant
Penetrant only
Liquid Penetrant
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Testing
Water spray removes the emulsified
penetrant. Water removes the surface film
as well.
Rinse
Rinse
water
Penetrant only
Liquid Penetrant
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Testing
Developer draws the penetrant out of the
crack.
Development
Development
developer
Penetrant
Liquid Penetrant
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Testing
Black light causes the penetrant to glow in
dark.
Inspection
Inspection Black Light
Developer
Penetrant
Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic
Testing
Testing
Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic inspection uses sound
waves of short wavelength and high
frequency to detect flaws or
measure material thickness. It is
used on aircraft, the power stations
generating plant, or welds in
pressure vessels at an oil refinery or
paper mill.
Ultrasonic Testing
Usually pulsed
beams of high
frequency
ultrasound are
used via a hand-
held transducer
which is placed on
the specimen.
Ultrasonic Testing
Any sound from that pulse that returns to the
transducer like an echo is shown on a screen
which gives the amplitude of the pulse and
the time taken to return to the transducer.