Conductive and Convective Heating

Muthiah Munawwarah
 Heat Exchange by Conduction
• Perpindahan energi panas melalui molekul
dengan cara adanya energi kinetik yang
berbenturan dari molekul
• Conductivity air lebih baik dari lemak.
• Sumber conductive heating meliputi: electic
heating pads, thermal water baths, contras
baths, hot packs, and paraffin wax
 Hemodynamic effect
Vasodilatation
 Cellular –
  temperature   cell metabolism   O2; cell waste 
excreted
  temperature  blood hemoglobin releases O2 (106°F =
twice as much O2 released)
  temperature  (104°-113°F) plastic deformation of
collagen-rich tissues occurs more easily
 Blood & Fluid Dynamics –
  b. flow   edema, but  b. flow removes wastes, etc.
 Triggers release of bradykinin
 Hydrocollar Packs
• Merupakan kain berisi silical gel, yang di
celupkan ke dalam stanless stell tank air
dengan temperatur 76-80C selama 30-40 mnt.
• Digunakan untuk relaksasi dam muscle spasm
superficial
 Biological effect
• Penetrasi Hydrocollar tidak sedalam Infra red,
• Infra Red memiliki penetrasi 0.5-1mm
• Hyperaemia: increase vasodilatation open
arteriovenous anastomosis
• Increase ini flow of nutrients, antibodies, leucocytes,
oxygen to the tissue
• Release histamin and bradikinin producing
vasodilatation of capillaries
• Increase vasodilatation of superficial fascia and muscle
• Decrease gamma fibre activity of the muscle spindle
• Reduce conduction velocity of the C nerve fibres
 Indication Hydrocollar Packs
• Pain and Muscle Spasm: Superficial with
increase circulation than reduction of nerve
conduction velocity of the pain nerve fibre.
• Inflammation: Mild Inflamation, increase
phagocytosis
• Oedema: cronic stage with increase
permeability of cell membrane bring fluid
from the tissue to the venous and lymphatic
vessel
Contra indication for hydrocollar packs
• Impaired skin sensation
• Circulatory dysfuntion: vericose veins, deep
trombosis
• Infection and open wounds
• Cancer or tuberculosis

Advantages and Disadvantages

• Easy to apply, sedative effect
• Not easy applied around shoulder and hips
 Paraffin Wax
• Lilin yang di cairkan di tangki pemanas
• Wax has slow thermal conductivity
• Use has melting point 52-54c
• Should be changed every six months.
 Physiological Response
• Increase in skin temperature up to 12-13c, in
subcutaneous fascia there is an increase of 5c, in
superfisial muscle there is only 2-3c
• Superficial capillaries and arteioles caused local
hyperaemia and reflek vasodilatation, Vasodilatation in
the muscle are negligible.
• Exercise after wax is essential to increase muscle
circulation, and to use the sedative effect of heat to
obtain ROM and Muscle Stength.
• Sedative effect on the tissue
• Wax leaves the skin moist, soft and pliable, this is useful
for stretching scars and adhesions before applying
mobilisation techniques.
 Indication
• Pain and Muscle Spasm.
• Oedema and Inflammation. Swelling in hands
affected by rheumatoid arthritis or
degenerative joint disease, and early cronic
stages of inflammation
• Adhesion and scars. Wax softens the adhesion
and scars in the skin thus fascilitates the
mobilisation and stretching procedures
 Contraindication
• Impaired skin sensation
• Dermatological condition: eczema, athlete’s
foot
• Circulatory dysfunction: varicosa veins, deep
vein thrombosis and arterial disease
• Analgesic drugs: use strong narcotics for pain
• Cancer or tuberculosis: heat increasing
metabolic, may increase the rate of growth
and spread of the disease
 Contrast Bath
• Method of applying heat and cold water to
control the normal body temperature regulating
mechanism
• Two baths one with hot water 40-45C, and the
other cold water at 15C
• The treatment should begin and end with hot
water
• Procedure should not take more than 15 minutes
• Marked vasodilatation, an increase of deeper
circulation, an marked sedative effect.
 Summary
• Conductive heating by means of steam pack, paraffing,
and contrast baths is cheap, quick and effective way of
providing moist heat to allieviate pain, muscle spasm,
• The biological effects of conductive depend tissue,
time radiated, pathophysiology of the tissue, and
ability the tissue to dissipate heat.
• Maximum penetration is only dermis level
• Heat is transmitted by movement in mass in a liquid or
a gas. The transfer of heat is by conduction from the
molecular of fluid to the surface
 Neuromuscular effect
Changes in nerve conduction velocity and firing rate

  chemical reactions & cell metabolism  nerve

conduction
 Pain Control –
  circulation   congestion in area
 Mechanical pain  by reducing pressure on nerves (swelling
is removed)

 Analgesic effect
 Metabolic effect
Increased metabolic rate

•  aktivitas enzim pada suhu 39o-40o C  

reaksi biokimia sell, oksigen, & pemulihan
(healing)
 Altered tissue extensibility effect
Increased colagen extensibility
• Kenaikan suhu akan meningkatkan extensibilitas
pada jaringan.
• Ketika jaringan di beri pemanasan sebelum
dilakukan stretching, akan terjadi peningkatan yg
lebih ketika stretching dan akan mencegah
kesobekan jaringan