Introduction To Computers and

Programming

Knowledge:
Understand the concepts of computer, hardware,
software and programming

Computer Science Department

What is a computer?
“A device or machine which can be
programmed to receive data and perform
manipulation, such as arithmetic calculation
and logic processing, and generate processed
data systematically” – DBP 1995
A computer is a machine for manipulating
data according to a list of instructions known
as a program. - Wikipedia website

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History of Computer
 The 1st electronic computer was created by Dr John
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in year 1930s at Iowa State
University. It was intended for postgraduate students in
nuclear physics to calculate complex arithmetics
 ENIAC (electronic digital computer) was created in year
1946 at University of Pennsylvania under the American
Defense’s financial assistance. Its weight was 30 tans
and size was 30x50 square feet
 1950 - now => Microcomputer (workstation),
minicomputer, mainframe and supercomputer

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Computer Hardware
 Input Devices
 Capture/receive input from users
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Execute instructions; compute, compare and transform
data
 Primary Storage or Main Memory
 Temporary storage for data/programs
 Output Devices
 Produce output/result
 Secondary Storage Devices
 Permanent storage for data/programs
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 Computer Hardware
CD ROM, DVD ROM
(Secondary Storage)
Floppy disk (Secondary Storage)

Speaker Hard disk (Secondary Storage)

(Output Memory i.e. RAM & ROM
Device) (Primary Storage)

Monitor
Screen
(Output
Device)
Printer (Output Device)
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Keyboard (Input Device) Mouse (Input Device)
Computer Software
 Program
 An organized list of instructions that, when executed, causes the
computer to behave in a predetermined manner.
 Without programs, computers are useless. A program is like a
recipe. It contains a list of ingredients (called variables) and a
list of directions (called statements) that tell the computer what
to do with the variables. The variables can represent numeric
data, text, or graphical images.
 Software
 An executable program that is run in the computer
 2 types of software:
 System Software
 Application Software

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Computer System
The diagram below illustrates the anatomy of a computer
system
User

App. Software
Syst. Software
Hardware

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Computer Environment
 Personal Computer
 All components are directly connected and
not shared by others (stand-alone)
 Time-sharing
 Several users share hardware resources
 Client-server
 Computer tasks are divided between central
computer and users’ computers

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Roles of Computer
 Data Processing
 Transform raw data into organised and
meaningful information
 Control
 Control tools that are difficult to be controlled
by human
 Design and Development
 Data Communication
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Concepts of Programming
 A planning process for a sequence of instruction
to be executed by the computer
 Programming is performed to solve a particular
problem
 Phases involved:
 Problem Analysis
 General Solution (Algorithm)
 Validation
 Detailed Solution (Coding)
 Testing
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Programming Languages
 Machine Language Perwakilan decimal : 5
 Consists of code 0 and 1 Perwakilan penduaan : 0000 0101

 The only language that computer understands

 Symbolic/Assembly Language
 Uses symbols or mnemonic to represent machine
language instruction Bahasa Penghimpun : MOV AX,OF802
Bahasa Mesin : B802F8
 Needs to be translated into machine language
 High-Level Language
 Resembles human language. E.g. English Language
 Needs to be translated into machine language
Read X

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Types of Programming
 Structured
 Pascal, C, COBOL, FORTRAN
 Functional
 Scheme, LISP
 Object-Oriented
 Java, C++
 Logic-based
 Prolog
 Scripts
 Perl, Visual Basic, Javascript
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End of Lecture 1

Yes !! That’s all?

What’s next???

ALGORITHM on the
way …

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