Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
PENDAHULUAN
Apa itu Klasifikasi Massa Batuan??
Merupakan suatu proses klasifikasi pada massa batuan yang
membagi suatu massa batuan kedalam suatu kelompok yang
memiliki sifat atau perilaku yang sama, yaitu kedalam kelas
massa batuan dengan berbagai kualitas
RSR = A + B + C
Dimana :
- Parameter A : Penilaian umum dari struktur batuan
- Parameter B : Efek pola diskontinuitas terhadap arah
penggalian terowongan
- Parameter C : Efek aliran air tanah
PARAMETER A
GEOLOGI DAERAH UMUM
Igneous 1 2 3 4
Slightly Moderately Intensively
Metamorphic 1 2 3 4 Massive Folded or Folded or Folded or
Faulted Faulted Faulted
Sedimentary 2 3 4 4
Type 1 30 22 15 9
Type 2 27 20 13 8
Type 3 24 18 12 7
Type 4 19 15 10 6
PARAMETER B
POLA KEKAR, ARAH PENGGALIAN
Strike to Axis Strike to Axis
Average joint spacing Both With Dip Against Dip Either Direction
6. Massive, > 4 ft 40 43 45 37 40 40 38 34
a) Flat = 0-20O, Dipping = 20-50O, Vertical = 50-90O
PARAMETER C
AIR TANAH, KONDISI KEKAR
Sum of Parameters A + B
None 23 24 28 19 22 23
Ratings
81 – 100 61 – 80 41 – 60 21 – 40 < 21
Class number I II III IV V
Description Very good rock Good rock Moderate rock Poor rock Very poor rock
Average stand-up time 20 yrs for 15 m span 1 year for 10 m span 1 week for 5 m span 10 hrs for 2.5 m span 30 min for 1 m span
Cohesion of rock mass (kPa) > 400 300 – 400 200 – 300 100 – 200 < 100
Friction angle of rock mass (deg) > 45 35 – 45 25 – 35 15 – 25 < 15
Rock Mass Rating (RMR) System
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index
(Barton et al, 1974)
Berdasarkan sejumlah besar kasus penggalian
bawah tanah, Barton et al. (1974) dari
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute mengusulkan
Tunnelling Quality Index (Q) untuk penentuan
karakteristik massa batuan dan kebutuhan
penyangga.
Nilai numerik indeks Q bervariasi secara
logaritmik dari 0.001 sampai 1000.
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index – Q
RQD Jr Jw
Q x x
Jn Ja SRF
Jadi,
indeks Q dapat dianggap sebagai
fungsi dari tiga parameter, yang
merupakan perkiraan kasar dari:
Ukuran blok (RQD/Jn)
Kekuatan geser antar blok (Jr/Ja)
Tegangan aktif (Jw/SRF)
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index : RQD
fr (deg)
Description Value Notes
(approx.)
a. Rock wall contact
Tightly healed, hard, non-softening,
A 0.75
impermeable filling
B Unaltered joint walls, surface staining only 1.0 25 – 35
Slightly altered joint walls, non-softening Values of fr, the residual friction
C mineral coatings, sandy particles, clay-free 2.0 25 – 30 angle, are intended as an
disintegrated rock, etc. approximate guide to the
mineralogical properties of the
Silty-, or sandy-clay coatings, small clay- alteration products, if present.
D 3.0 20 – 25
fraction (non-softening)
Softening or low-friction clay mineral coatings,
i.e. kaolinite, mica. Also chlorite, talc, gypsum
E 4.0 8 – 16
and graphite etc., and small quantities of swelling
clays. (Discontinuous coatings, 1 - 2 mm or less)
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index : Ja
fr (deg)
Description Value Notes
(approx.)
b. Rock wall contact before 10 cm shear
F Sandy particles, clay-free, disintegrating rock etc. 4.0 25 – 30
Strongly over-consolidated, non-softening
G 6.0 16 – 24 Values of fr, the residual friction
clay mineral fillings (continuous < 5 mm thick)
angle, are intended as an
Medium or low over-consolidation, softening approximate guide to the
H 8.0 12 – 16
clay mineral fillings (continuous < 5 mm thick) mineralogical properties of the
Swelling clay fillings, i.e. montmorillonite, alteration products, if present.
(continuous < 5 mm thick). Values of Ja
J 8.0 – 12.0 6 – 12
depend on percent of swelling clay-size
particles, and access to water.
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index : Ja
fr (deg)
Description Value Notes
(approx.)
c. No rock wall contact when sheared
K Zones or bands of disintegrated or crushed. 6.0
L rock and clay (see G, H and J for clay 8.0 Values of fr, the residual friction
angle, are intended as an
M conditions). 8.0 – 12.0
approximate guide to the
Zones or bands of silty- or sandy-clay, small 6 – 24 mineralogical properties of the
N 5.0
clay fraction, non-softening. alteration products, if present.
O Thick continuous zones or bands of clay. 10.0 – 13.0
P & R. (see G.H and J for clay conditions). 6.0 – 24.0
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index : Jw
Approx.
Water
Description Value Notes
Press.
(kgf/cm2)
Dry excavation or minor inflow
A 1.0 < 1.0
i.e. < 5 l/m locally
Medium inflow or pressure, occasional 1. Factors C to F are crude
B 0.66 1.0 – 2.5
outwash of joint fillings estimates; increase Jw if
Large inflow or high pressure in competent drainage is installed.
C 0.5 2.5 – 10.0
Rock with unfilled joints
2. Special problems caused by
D Large inflow or high pressure 0.33 2.5 – 10.0 ice formation are not
Exceptionally high inflow or pressure considered.
E 0.2 – 0.1 > 10
at blasting, decaying with time
F Exceptionally high inflow or pressure 0.1 – 0.05 > 10
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index : Jw