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“building block of life”
The Cell
The Cell
1. Describe the typical cell.
2. Describe the structure of a cell membrane/plasma membrane.
3. Give the chemical composition of a cell membrane.
4. Explain the various ways by which substances pass across
the cell membrane.
A typical cell
† nucleus
† cytoplasm.
The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane.
The cytoplasm, on the other hand, is separated from the surrounding
fluids by the cell membrane.
A typical cell
2 types of cell:
Eukaryotes are the most structurally complex known cell type, and
by definition are in part organized by smaller interior compartments,
that are themselves enclosed by lipid membranes that resemble the
outermost cell membrane.
Organelles
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Annulate Lamellae
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Coated Vesicles
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Centrioles
The structure of a cell membrane/plasma membrane.
It is mainly composed of
a lipid bilayer of phospholipid
molecules but with a large numbers
of protein molecules protruding
the layer.
PROTEINS (55%)
a.Integral Proteins
b.Peripheral Proteins
CARBOHYDRATES (3%)
a.Proteoglycans
b.Glycocaylx
PHOSPOLIPIDS (25%)
-consist of phosphate heads (hydrophilic) and two fatty
acid tails (hydrophobic)
CHOLESTEROL (13%)
Other LIPIDS (4%)
Glycolipids
the various ways
by which substances pass across the cell membrane
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
[Described in a functional sense according to:]
a. Simple diffusion
Factors:
1. Concentration gradient across the membrane
2. Electrical potential across the membrane
3. Permeability coefficient of the substance
4. Hydrostatic pressure gradient across the membrane
5. Temperature
6. Pressure of multitude of channels in membrane
b. Facilitated diffusion
Factors:
1. Concentration gradient across the membrane
2. Amount of carrier protein available
3. Rapidity of the solute-carrier interaction
4. rapidity of conformational charge for both loaded and unloaded carrier protein.
2. Active transport
Functions:
1. Maintain constant cel volume by decreasing the intracellular ion
concentration and increasing the extracellular ion concentration, thus
decreasaing the flow of water into cell.
2. Maintenance of a potential difference across the plasma membrane
Common features of Facilitated diffusion & Active transport
Differences:
1. Facilitated diffusion operates bidirectionally
Active transport is usually unidirectional
2. Active transport occurs against electrical on chemical gradient & so requires energy.
Facilitated diffusion occurs down the electrochemical gradients & doesn’t require
energy.
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