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INTRODUCTION
SCADA: Supervisory
Control And Data
Acquisition System
A Supervisory System
Encompasses all
control ,indicating and
associated telemetry
equipments at the
master station and all
of the complimentary
devices in the remote
stations
PURPOSE
To Provide the user with the capability to
exercise control over a specific device
and confirm its performance in
accordance with the directed action.
To process those data for use by
operator
Operator control of remote devices
SCADA AND ELECTRIC
UTILITIES
It can be discussed in the following
categories:
Functions of SCADA
Fundamentals of operation
Design considerations
FUNCTIONS OF SCADA
DATA ACQUISITION
INFORMATION DISPLAY
SUPERVISORY CONTROL
ALARM PROCESSING
INFORMATION STORAGE AND REPORTS
DATA CALCULATIONS
DATA ACQUISITION
Periodic acquisition of data from RTUs
Data acquired on a polled basis
Two options available on how a RTU responds:
1. Send the actual value of points
2. Send only those points where change has
occurred
The latter option preferred and referred to as
“Reporting By Exception”
It’s a collective process of several specialized
and highly related sub processes
INFORMATION DISPLAY
This process consists of:
1. Retrieving both fixed and real time data from
database
2. Combining them
3. Presenting them to the operator in the form of
limited graphics CRT color pages
This section is organized in a hierarchical tree
structure
Display selection by dedicated function keys
provides very rapid access to frequently used
displays
SUPERVISORY CONTROL
Process of actuating equipment operation at
remote locations
This process includes:
1. Selection of station
2. Selection of the device to be controlled
3. Execution of desired commands such as TRIP
or close
“Check-before-operate” method is employed
for security of personnel and electric system
ALARM PROCESSING
This process includes:
1. Alerting the operator to unscheduled
events
2. Informing him the time of occurrence,
the station location, the device ID and
the nature of event
The most common output of the alarm
are CRT alarm lists, hardcopy printouts
and audible alarms
INFORMATION STORAGE AND
REPORTS
Accurate records are necessary to satisfy
legal and governmental requirements for
accounting, for support and forecasting
future system operations and for
engineering planning purposes
Pre-selected data sets are captured at
periodic intervals and saved in rotating file
Periodicity of storage frequently set at
certain time intervals called file time span
DATA CALCULATIONS
Data calculations done with single variables are:
1. Determination of averages
2. Maximum or minimum values over given intervals
3. Integration with respect to time
Calculations done with multiple variables include sums,
differences, products, exponents, squares, square
roots, exponentiation and others
A practical application of such calculation is load
monitoring of large transformer banks
FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATION
POLLING SCHEMES
DATA INPUTS
CONTROL OUTPUTS
DATABASE
MAN MACHINE INTERFACE
POLLING SCHEMES
In communications engineering
this method is known as “time
division multiple access
(TDMA)”
Master station controls and the
RTUs respond to only polling
requests.
Following points are discussed
through the diagram given:
1. Multiple 2 or 4 wire telephone
grade circuits
2. Polling command requests, and
RTU responses are time
multiplexed
3. Automatic generation control
(AGC)
DATABASE
The newer database updates the real time part of the
user programs which retrieves data from the database
and save computed results back into the database
They are not fixed in size but can easily be expanded
provided the physical memory is available
Information contained in SCADA database may be
categorized into:
1. Real time
2. Parametric
3. Calculated
4. Application
MAN MACHINE INTERFACE
One of the greatest challenges in SCADA is to
provide efficient and user-friendly man machine
interface
It consists of the hardware as well as the
program function which makes it all work
Example of such a man machine interface : now
in SCADA systems the simple audible alarm has
been supplanted with a voice synthesizer which
actually verbalizes alarm messages
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Under this subject we have the following
topics to be covered:
1. RELIABILITY / AVAILABILITY
2. CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
3. RTU LOCAL TEST FEATURES
RELIABILITY / AVAILABILITY
Availability is defined as:
%Availability=uptime/(uptime + downtime)*100
An acceptable availability figure for master
station is 99.8 or 99.9 percent
Such level of availability can be achieved by :
1. Good diagnostics
2. High content of easily replaceable elements
3. Adequate spare parts
4. Good maintenance training
CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
This includes changing CRT pictures , and
building and modifying report formats
A prerequisite to efficient configuration is
a well-structured database
For example a typical point attributes
include measurement number, station ID,
name limits, engineering conversion
constants, area of responsibility, alarm
priority and many more.
APPLICATIONS
Industrial control
Oil & gas transmission,production and
distribution
Waste water utilities
Electric utility for remote control of
substations
Power distribution automation
CONCLUSION
System reliability, programming features and ease
of use by the operator are important issues that
must be taken into account.
To conclude all the previously discussed concepts
about SCADA are the real life SCADA system
representation
THANK YOU