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Lecture – 25

Advanced Computer Networks


(MCA-206)

by
Ruby Dahiya (Faculty – IT, IITM)
Task Menu for Today
• Concept of Virtual Private Networks
• Tunneling (MBONE)
• Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) -
Overview
• MPLS Header
• Fault Tolerance

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Private Network
• A private network is designed to be used only inside
an organization. It allows access to shared resources
and, at the same time, provides privacy.

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Private Network

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Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• Virtual private network (VPN) is a technology
for large organizations that use the global
Internet for both intra- and inter-organization
communication, but require privacy in their
intra-organization communication.

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Virtual Private Network

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Tunneling

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Logical Tunneling

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MBONE
• A multicast router may not find another multicast
router in the neighborhood to forward the multicast
packet.
• A multicast backbone (MBONE) out of these isolated
routers using the concept of tunneling.

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MBONE

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MPLS - Overview
• MPLS combines the advantages of both Circuit Switching and
Packet Switching.
• MPLS layer works between layer 2 and layer 3 i.e. link layer
and network layer. ( It is below Network/IP layer as it
operates within an ISP ).
• Traffic engineering is essential for service provider and
Internet service provider (ISP) backbones.
• MPLS traffic engineering routes traffic flows across a network
based on the resources the traffic flow requires and the
resources available in the network.
• MPLS traffic engineering employs "constraint-based routing,”
• In MPLS traffic engineering, the flow has bandwidth
requirements, media requirements, a priority versus other
flows, and so on. 11
Basics of MPLS
• MPLS does label switching.
• Each IP flow is assigned a label.
• Then these flows are sent through a predefined path
called Label Switched Path ( LSP ).
• Each router forwards the packets based on the label,
not on Destination IP address.

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MPLS Header Format
• MPLS header is 32 bit header.
• 20 bit label specifies label of flow.
• Cos : Class of Service.
• TTL : Time To Live i.e. How much time the
packet is allowed to live , before get discarded.
• The rest of the fields of the header are self-
explanatory.

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Fault Tolerance
• MPLS is robust to link failure.
• Local Recovery (blue broken line): A new path is
chosen just between the two routers, the link
between whom has gone down.
• Global Recovery (green broken line): A new path is
chosen between the Ingress and Egress. It chooses
another path between the routers whose link is
damaged.

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MPLS - Applications
• Destination – Based Forwarding
• Explicit Routing
• Emulation of ATM circuit

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