Bentuk-bentuk

orbital
 Bohr’s model…
• Electrons are found in specific
circular paths (orbits) around the
nucleus.
• The electrons have fixed energies
called energy levels. (like rungs on a
ladder)
• The amount of energy required to
move an electron to another energy
level is called a quantum.
 Orbital Atom
• Lokasi yang berkemungkinan besar untuk menjumpai
elektron dipanggil sebagai orbital atom
• Elektron yang tertumpu pada satu-satu orbital mempunyai
tenaga yang tertentu
• Aras-aras tenaga bagi elektron dilabelkan sebagai n,
nombor kuantum prinsipal
• Setiap subaras tenaga sepadan dengan satu orbital yang
mempunyai bentuk-bentuk tertentu yang menjelaskan
kawasan yang menempatkan elektron
Atomic Orbitals
 Shapes and
Orientations of
Orbitals
 1s Orbital

• Sphere around the nucleus

• The one tells you that the

electron is in the orbital closest
to the nucleus
 2s Orbital
• Similar to 1s except the electron is most
likely in the region farther from the nucleus
 p Orbitals
• At the first energy level there is only the 1s
orbital, after the second energy level there
are 2p orbitals
• Look like dumbbells
• In the three directions
 Remember….
MAX NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
IN AN ENERGY LEVEL
ENERGY LEVEL MAX # OF ELECTRONS

1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
 Electron
Configuration
A detailed way of showing the
order in which electrons fill in
around the nucleus
Electron Configuration
# of -
e in

1s 2
Symbols
sub level

Energy Level
Sub Level
(s, p, d, f )
 We must follow 3 rules…
• Aufbau priciple
• Electrons occupy energy levels with lowest
energy first.
 Prinsip aufbau
• Istilah aufbau bermaksud ‘membina’
• Orbital dengan paras tenaga yang paling
rendah secara relatif diisi terlebih dahulu
dengan elektron
 Pauli exclusion principle
• If 2 electrons occupy the same energy level
they must have opposite spins.
 Prinsip penyisihan Pauli
• Tiada dua elektron dalam atom yang sama
mempunyai ciri-ciri yang seiras iaitu setiap
elektron pasti dapat dibezakan daripada elektron
yang lain
• Setiap orbital boleh memuatkan dua elektron
sahaja
• Jika satu orbital mengandungi dua elektron,
masing-masing akan berputar dalam arah yang
bertentangan
 Hund’s rule…
• Electrons that occupy orbitals of the same
energy will have the maximum number of
electrons with the same spin.

• 2p
 Peraturan Hund
• Apabila lebih daripada satu orbital mempunyai
paras tenaga yang sama (misalnya 2px, 2py, 2pz),
elektron-elektron mesti mengisi orbital secara
tunggal sebelum pasangan elektron berlaku
To start we will use orbital filling diagrams to help
us with electron configurations….
 Periodic table arrangement
s (n) d (n - 1) p (n)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
f (n -2)

• the quantum theory helps to explain the

structure of the periodic table.
• n - 1 indicates that the d subshell in period 4
actually starts at 3 (4 - 1 = 3).
Summary: p orbitals and d orbitals
p orbitals look like
a dumbell with 3
orientations: px,
py, pz (“p sub z”).
Four of the d orbitals resemble two dumbells in a
clover shape. The last d orbital resembles a p
orbital with a donut wrapped around the middle.
 1 st Quantum #
Principle Quantum #
(n)
Specifies the energy level
that the electron is on.
2 nd Quantum #
Specifies the shape of the
sub level .
 Four Energy Sub-Levels
Energy Level Sub-level Type of sub # of
Orbitals
s Sphere 2 1

p Dumbbell 6 3

d 4-Lobed 10 5

f 6-8 Lobed 14 7