Introduction to the Human

Cardiovascular System

Sr.Florence
St.Ann’s College of Nursing
Vijayawada.
 INTRODUCTION
 The cardiovascular system is
transport system of body
 It comprises blood, heart and
blood vessels.
 The system supplies
nutrients to and remove
waste products from various
tissue of body.
 The conveying media is
liquid in form of blood which
flows in close tubular
system.
Figure 1-2(f)
 FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

 Transport nutrients, hormones

 Remove waste products
 Gaseous exchange
 Immunity
 Blood vessels transport blood
◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes
 Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM

BLOOD

HEART

BLOOD VESSELS
 BLOOD

The Blood:
Blood cells & Plasma
Blood cells
1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
2- Leucocytes
3- Thrombocytes
Plasma is fluid portion
 HEART
Heart is a four chambered, hollow
muscular organ approximately the size
of your fist
Location:
Superior surface of diaphragm
Left of the midline
Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior
to the sternum

6
 HEART

Figure 18.1
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 7
External Heart: Anterior View

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 8

Figure 18.4b
External Heart: Posterior View

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 9

Figure 18.4d
Gross Anatomy of Heart

11
Coverings of the Heart: Anatomy

Pericardium – a double-walled sac around the

heart composed of:
1. A superficial fibrous pericardium
2. A deep two-layer serous pericardium
a. The parietal layer lines the internal
surface of the fibrous pericardium
b. The visceral layer or epicardium lines
the surface of the heart
They are separated by the fluid-filled
pericardial cavity
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Pericardial Layers of the Heart

13
 Atria of the Heart
1. Atria are the receiving chambers
of the heart
2. Blood enters right atria from
superior and inferior venae cavae
and coronary sinus
3. Blood enters left atria from
pulmonary veins
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 14
 Ventricles of the Heart
Ventricles are the discharging
chambers of the heart
•Right ventricle pumps blood into the
pulmonary trunk
•Left ventricle pumps blood into the
aorta

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 15

 Heart Wall
•Epicardium – visceral layer of the serous
pericardium
•Myocardium – cardiac muscle layer
forming the bulk of the heart
•Endocardium – endothelial layer of the
inner myocardial surface

16
 Myocardial Thickness and Function

Thickness of myocardium
varies according to the
function of the chamber
Atria are thin walled, deliver
blood to adjacent ventricles
Ventricle walls are much
thicker and stronger
right ventricle supplies
blood to the lungs (little
flow resistance)
left ventricle wall is the
thickest to supply
systemic circulation

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 Thickness of Cardiac Walls

Myocardium of left ventricle is much thicker than the right.

18
 Heart Valves
Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood
flow through the heart
Atrioventricular (AV) valves lie between
the atria and the ventricles
AV valves prevent backflow into the atria
when ventricles contract
Chordae tendineae anchor AV valves to
papillary muscles
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 19
 Heart Valves…..
1. Aortic semilunar valve lies between the
left ventricle and the aorta
2. Pulmonary semilunar valve lies between
the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood

into the ventricles

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 20

Heart Valves

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 21

Figure 18.8a, b
Heart Valves

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 22

Figure 18.8c, d
Atrioventricular Valve Function

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 23

Figure 18.9
Semilunar Valve Function

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 24

Figure 18.10
Mitral Valve Prolapse

25
Vessels returning blood to the heart
include:
1. Right and left pulmonary veins
2. Superior and inferior venae cavae
Vessels conveying blood away from the
heart include:
1. Aorta
2. Right and left pulmonary arteries
 Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs
• Right atrium  tricuspid valve  right ventricle

• Right ventricle  pulmonary semilunar valve  pulmonary

arteries  lungs

• Lungs  pulmonary veins  left atrium

• Left atrium  bicuspid valve  left ventricle

• Left ventricle  aortic semilunar valve  aorta

• Aorta  systemic circulation

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Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
and Lungs

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 28

Figure 18.5
 Coronary Circulation

•Coronarycirculation is the functional

blood supply to the heart muscle itself

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Coronary Circulation: Arterial Supply

30
Coronary Circulation: Venous
Supply

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 31

Figure 18.7b
 Heart Physiology: Sequence of
Excitation
Sinoatrial (SA) node generates
impulses.
Atrioventricular (AV) node is
stimulated by the impulse.

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 32

 Heart Physiology: Sequence of
Excitation
• Impulse passes from atria to ventricles via
the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
• AV bundle splits into two pathways in
the interventricular septum (bundle
branches)
1. Bundle branches carry the impulse
toward the apex of the heart
2. Purkinje fibers carry the impulse to the
heart apex and ventricular walls

33
Heart Physiology: Sequence of
Excitation

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 34

Figure 18.14a
Heart Excitation Related to ECG

35
 Extrinsic Innervation of the Heart

• Heartis stimulated by the

sympathetic
cardioacceleratory center
• Heart is inhibited by the
parasympathetic
cardioinhibitory center

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 Electrocardiography

Electrical activity is recorded by electrocardiogram

(ECG)
P wave corresponds to depolarization of SA node
QRS complex corresponds to ventricular
depolarization
T wave corresponds to ventricular repolarization
Atrial repolarization record is masked by the larger
QRS complex
Electrocardiography

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 38

Figure 18.16
 Heart Sounds
Heart sounds (lub-dup) are associated with
closing of heart valves
•First sound occurs as AV valves close and
signifies beginning of systole (contraction)
•Second sound occurs when SL valves close
at the beginning of ventricular diastole
(relaxation)

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 Cardiac Cycle

Cardiac cycle refers to all events

associated with blood flow through the
heart
Systole – contraction of heart muscle
Diastole – relaxation of heart muscle
 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

Ventricular filling – mid-to-late diastole

•Heart blood pressure is low as blood
enters atria (passively) and flows into
ventricles
•AV valves are open, then atrial systole
occurs
 FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART

Generating blood pressure

Routing blood

Heart separates pulmonary and systemic

circulations
Ensuring one-way blood flow

Heart valves ensure one-way flow

Regulating blood supply

Changes in contraction rate and force match

blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
 CIRCULATION
Coronary circulation – the circulation
of blood within the heart.
Pulmonary circulation – the flow of
blood between the heart and lungs.
Systemic circulation – the flow of
blood between the heart and the cells
of the body.
Fetal Circulation
CORONARY CIRCULATION: ARTERIAL
SUPPLY

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 44

Figure 18.7a
SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY
CIRCULATION

Figure 18.5
45
Pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood between the heart and
lungs.
Systemic circulation The flow of blood between
the heart and the cells of the body.
 PORTAL CIRCULATION

Portal circulation - the flow of blood

between tow set of capillaries before
draining in systemic veins.
 BLOOD VESSELS
Blood Vessels -A closed network of
tubes
These includes:
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
 BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries(Distributing channel)
• Thick walled tubes
• Elastic Fibers
• Circular Smooth Muscle

Capillaries (microscopic vessels)

•One cell thick
•Serves the Respiratory System
 BLOOD VESSELS

•General structure
1.Tunica intima

2.Tunica media

3.Tunica adventitia
 CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD VESSELS

•Conducting Vessels
•Distributing Vessels
•Resistance Vessels
•Exchange Vessels
•Capacitance / Reservoir Vessels
 ARTERIES
 Blood vessels that carry
blood away from the
heart are called
arteries.
 They are the thickest
blood vessels and they
carry blood high in
oxygen known as
oxygenated blood
(oxygen rich blood).
 ARTERIES

•Accompanied by vein and nerves

•Lumen is small
•No valves
•Repeated branching
 CAPILLARIES (5-8 micron)

•The smallest
blood vessels are
capillaries and
they connect the
arteries and veins.
•This is where the
exchange of
nutrients and
gases occurs.
 VEINS
Blood vessels that carry
blood back to the heart
are called veins.
They have one-way
valves which prevent
blood from flowing
backwards.
They carry blood that is
high in carbon dioxide
known as deoxygenated
blood (oxygen poor
blood).
 VEINS
•Thin Walled
•Large irregular lumen
•Have valves
•Dead space around
•Types:
Large
Medium
Small
 VEINS
Veins without valves:
 SVC & IVC
 Hepatic, Renal
 Uterine, Ovarian not Testicular
 Facial
 Pulmonary
 Umbilical
 Emissary
 Portal Veins <2mm
 VEINS
Veins without Muscular tissue:
 Dural venous sinuses
 Pial Veins
 Retinal
 Veins of erectile tissue of sex organs
 Veins of spongy bones
 VEINS
Factors responsible for venous
return:
1.Muscle contraction
2.Negative intrathoracic pressure
3.Pulsation of arteries
4. Gravity
5. Valves
 END ARTERIES

1.Central artery of retina

2. Arteries of spleen,
liver, kidneys,
metaphyses of long
bones
3. Central branches of
cerebral cortex
 APPLIED
Diseases and Disorders
BLOOD PRESSURE
HAEMORRHAGE/STROKE
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
ANEURYSM
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
HEART ATTACK
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
ANEMIA, HEMOPHILIA, AND LEUKEMIA