chemical parameters, microscopic examination 1. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION • Color: Dark yellow/amber • Foam test: Yellow foam production 2. OTHER CHEMICAL PARAMETERS • Urobilinogen: Normal urine contains no bilirubin and only small amounts of urobilinogen (0.1-1.0 mg/dL) 3. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION • Bilirubin crystals: appear clumped granules/needles with yellow color that is present in hepatic disorders and viral hepatitis.