Stratigraphy

The study of the origin, relationship

and extent of rock layers (Strata).
 Lithostratigraphy
Each layer is a different rock type.

Chronostratigraphy
Each layer is a different age.

Biostratigraphy
Each layer contains a different fossil
assemblage.
 Lithostratigraphic Units
Member A
Formation A Member B
Member C Supergroup
Member D
Group A
Formation B Member E |
Member F
Member G
Group
Formation C
Member H
Member I
|
Supergroup
Formation D
Member J
Member K
Formation
Member L
Member M
|
Group B
Member N Member
Member O
Formation E
Member P |
Member Q
Member R Bed
Formation F Member S
Member T
Lithostratigraphic
Example:
Grand Canyon
How do we Illustrate
Stratigraphy?

•Stratigraphic Columns
•Cross Sections
•Geologic Maps
Stratigraphic
Column:
John Day
Fossil Beds
NM
Geologic Maps
Snoqualmie Pass
Chronostratigraphic Map of Washington
Cross Sections
Principles (Laws) of Stratigraphy
Principle of…
• Original Horizontality
• Superposition
• Lateral Continuity
• Cross Cutting
Relationships
• Inclusions
• Faunal Succession

Walther’s Law
1. Principle of Original Horizontality
"Strata either perpendicular to the horizon or inclined to the
horizon were at one time parallel to the horizon."
Strata are deposited horizontally and then deformed to
various attitudes later.
2. Principle of Superposition
Dalam satu lapisan batuan, lapisan atas berumur lebih
mada, sedangkan lapisan bawah lebih tua

Youngest Strata

Oldest Strata
3. Principle of Lateral Continuity
"Material forming any stratum were continuous over the
surface of the Earth."
In other words, strata can be assumed to have continued
laterally far from where they presently end.
Lateral Continuity
4. Principle of Cross Cutting
Relationships
"If a body or discontinuity cuts across a stratum, it must
have formed after that stratum."
 5. Principle of Inclusions
Jika ditemukan inklusi, maka lapisan batuan yang
sama dengan batuan inklusi berumur lebih tua. Contoh
gambar: batuan berwarna merah lebih tua dari batuan
di atasnya
Inklusi
6. Principle of Faunal Succession

Sketch by Baron Cuvier (1769-1832)

6. Principle of Faunal Succession
" . . . each stratum contained organized fossils peculiar
to itself, and might, in cases otherwise doubtful, be
recognized and discriminated from others like it, but in a
different part of the series, by examination of them."