EGR 334 Thermodynamics

Chapter 12: Sections 5-7

Lecture 39:
Humidity and
Psychrometric Applications Quiz Today?
 Today’s main concepts:
• Demonstrate understanding of psychrometric terminology,
including humidity ratio, relative humidity, mixture enthalpy,
and dew point temperature.
• Apply mass, energy, and entropy balances to analyze air-
conditioning processes.

Reading Assignment:
Read Chapter 13, Sections 1-5

Homework Assignment:
Problems from Chap 12: 46,51, 55, 67
Sec 12.5 : Psychrometric applications 3

Greek: psuchra = cold

Metron = measure
Psychrometric: Study of systems containing “dry air” and water vapor
May also include condensed water.

Humidity: a measure of the amount of water in the air

or “moist air”
Terms to understand:
• Absolute humidity
• % humidity
• Wet bulb temperature
• Relative humidity
• Dew Point
Temperature
• Humidity Ratio
• Mixture Enthalpy
for Moist Air
1. The overall mixture and each component, dry air and water
vapor, obey the ideal gas equation of state.

2. Dry air and water vapor within the mixture are considered as
if they each exist alone in volume V at the mixture temperature
T while each exerts part of the mixture pressure.

3. The partial pressures pa and pv of dry air and water vapor

are, respectively
nV RT
n RT pV   yV p
pa  a  ya p and V
V
where y and y are the mole fractions of the dry air and water vapor.
a v

4. Humidity Ratio is the ratio of the mass of the vapor to the

mass of the “dry air”.
mV M V pV 0.622 pV
Humidity Ratio:    
ma M a pa p  pV
for Moist Air
5. The mixture pressure is the sum of the partial pressures
of the dry air and the water vapor: p  pa  pv
Mixture pressure, p
6. A typical state of water
vapor in moist air is fixed
using partial pressure pv and ,
the mixture temperature T. T

The water vapor is Typical state of

superheated at this state. the water vapor
in moist air

7. When pv corresponds to pg at
temperature T, the mixture is
Relative humidity:
said to be saturated.
yV pv
8. The ratio of pv and pg is called f 
the relative humidity, f: yV , sat T,p
pg
T,p
Sec 12.5 : Psychrometric applications 6

Humidity relates to temperature

Sec 12.5 : Psychrometric applications 7

Humidity can be measured using a

hygrometer:

Hair/Fiber hygrometer
Paper-disk hygrometer

Whirling hygrometer
Capacitive hygrometer (sling psychrometer)
Sec 12.5.4 : Evaluating the Dew Point Temperature 8

Humidity can be measured using a “wet bulb”

The temperature of the

“wet bulb” is lower than the
dry thermometer.

The evaporation of water is an

endothermic process (requires
heat) which is obtained from
the environment (bulk water).

The “wet bulb” temperature

= dew point temperature.

This is the lowest temperature

that can hold the current
water vapor content of the air.
Summarize:

Relative Humidity: p  pa  pv
Mixture pressure, p
yV pv
f 
yV , sat T ,P
pg
T ,P
,
T

Temperature at which pv=pg: Typical state of

the water vapor
Tdew _ po int (@ pV  pg ) in moist air

Dew point

Humidity Ratio:
Relative humidity:
mV M V pV 0.622 pV
  
ma M a pa p  pV
Sec 12.5.3 : Evaluating U, H, and S 10

For mixtures, recall the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy are
equal to the parts added together

U  U DryAir  U water  mDryAiru DryAir  mwater u water

H  H DryAir  H water  mDryAirhDryAir  mwater hwater

S  S DryAir  S water  mDryAir sDryAir  mwater swater

Using the definition of the humidity ratio,   mv m :

a
U mv
 ua  u v  u a   uv
ma ma
and
H mv
 ha  hv  ha   hv
ma ma
Sec 12.5.3 : Evaluating U, H, and S 11

H
To evaluate enthalpy:  ha   hv
ma
For air: a) use Table A-22
or b) use Δh=cp_air (Δ T)

For vapor: use hv  hg(T)

notice how h ≈ constant for low pressure
superheated vapor on Molier diagram.

To evaluate entropy:
cP T  dT  p2  Here f is the
s    R ln   relative humidity
T  1
p
 p2   pv 
s  0  R ln     R ln     R ln f 
 p1   pg  Note: h and s are
sT , pv   s g T   R ln f  g g
taken from the steam table.
 12

Example (12.47): A lecture hall having a volume of 106 ft3 contains air at
80 oF, 1 atm, and a humidity ratio of 0.01 lbm of water per lbm of dry air.
Determine
a) relative humidity
b) the dew point temperature in degrees F.
c) the mass of water vapor contained in the room
 13

Example (12.47): A lecture hall having a volume of 106 ft3 contains air at
80 oF, 1 atm, and a humidity ratio of 0.01 lbm of water per lbm of dry air.
Determine
a) relative humidity
b) the dew point temperature in degrees F.
c) the mass of water vapor contained in the room
p
0.622 pV pV 
  1
0.622
p  pV 
1atm
pV   0.01582atm
0.622
1
0.01
At T = 80 F: Look up pg using Table A2E
pg  0.5073 psi  0.0345atm

pv 0.01582
f   0.459  45.9%
pg 0.0345
T,p
 14

Example (12.47): A lecture hall having a volume of 106 ft3 contains air at
80 oF, 1 atm, and a humidity ratio of 0.01 lbm of water per lbm of dry air.
Determine
a) relative humidity
b) the dew point temperature in degrees F.
c) the mass of water vapor contained in the room

To find the Dew Point:

Tdew _ po int  T (@ pV  pg )
pV  0.5073 psi pg(T)
pV(T)

From Table A3E: at pv=pg Tdp

Tdew _ po int  79.46o F

To find the mass, use the ideal gas law: pvV  mv RTv
pvV (0.5073lb f / in 2 )(106 ft 3 ) 144in 2 Btu
mv    1577.7lbm
RTv (0.11021Btu / lbm  R )(540 R ) ft 2
778lb f  ft
 15

Example (12.54): Wet grain at 20°C containing 40% moisture by mass enters
a dryer operating at steady state. Dry air enters the dryer at 90°C, 1 atm
at a rate of 15 kgair/kgwet_grain entering. Moist air exits the dryer at 38°C, 1
atm, 53% relative humidity. For the grain exiting the dryer, determine the
percent moisture by mass.
 16

Example (12.54): Wet grain at 20°C containing 40% moisture by mass enters
a dryer operating at steady state. Dry air enters the dryer at 90°C, 1 atm
at a rate of 15 kgair/kgwet_grain entering. Moist air exits the dryer at 38°C, 1
atm, 53% relative humidity. For the grain exiting the dryer, determine the
percent moisture by mass.

Dry air
ma ,4
 15
kg air Wet air f3  53%
90°C,1 atm
m1 kg wet _ grain 38°C,1 atm
m 4 3
a ,4
m3  ma ,3  mv ,3
m1  mg ,1  mv ,1 1 2 m2  mg ,2  mv ,2
Wet grain, 20°C Dry grain ?% moisture
 v,2
m
40% moisture %v , 2 
m2
Mass balance on water: Mass balance of grain: Mass balance on air:
mv ,1  mv ,4  mv ,2  mv ,3 mg ,1  mg ,2 ma ,1  ma ,4  ma ,2  ma ,3
mv ,1  0  mv ,2  mv ,3 0  ma ,4  0  ma ,3
 17

Example (12.54): Dry air Wet air

90°C,1 atm 38°C,1 atm
Mass balance on water: 4 3
15 kgair/kggrain f3  53%
mv ,1  mv ,2  mv ,3
1 2
Wet grain Dry grain
40% of wet grain is water: 20°C ?% moisture
mv ,1  0.40m1 40% moisture

mass balance of air: 15 kgair / 1 kg wet grain comes in:

ma ,4  ma ,3 ma ,4  (15kg air / kg grain )m1

Relative Humidity of State 3:

pV 3
f3  (from Table A2 at T=38C, pg=0.06632 bar)
pg (@ 38C )
1atm
pV 3  0.53(0.06632bar )  0.03469atm
1.01325bar
 18

Dry air
Example (12.54): 90°C,1 atm
Wet air
15 4 3 38°C,1 atm
Humidity ratio: kgair/kggrain f3  53%
mv ,3 pV 3
3    0.622  1 2
ma ,3 p3  pV 3 Wet grain Dry grain
(0.03469atm) 20°C ?% moisture
  0.622  40% moisture
(1  0.03469)atm
 0.02235
mv ,3  0.02235ma ,3

Unknowns so far: (10 unknowns) m1 mg ,1 mv ,1 m2 mg ,2 mv ,2 m3 ma ,3 mv ,3 ma ,4

Equations so far: (9 equations)

m1  mg ,1  mv ,1 mv ,1  mv ,2  mv ,3 mv ,1  0.40m1
m2  mg ,2  mv ,2 ma ,4  ma ,3 ma ,4  (15kg air / kg grain )m1
m3  ma ,3  mv ,3 mg ,1  mg ,2 mv ,3  0.02235ma ,3
 19

Dry air
Example (12.54): 90°C,1 atm
Wet air
15 4 3 38°C,1 atm
But wait: kgair/kggrain f3  53%
Recall the answer is asked for as
% moisture per grain out 1 2
Wet grain Dry grain
mv ,2 20°C ?% moisture
m2 40% moisture

which means that m2 can be set as our basis or let m2 =1 kg/s

Solving using IT for the other mass flow rates:
Therefore:
 v,2
m
%v , 2 
m2
0.09741
  9.74%
1
 20

Procedure for analysis of air conditioning systems:

1) Identify State Properties of as many individual mixture components
Use ideal gas law: pV  mRT , pv  RT , p1V  n1RT1 or Table A20 and A22
Steam tables: Tables A2, A3, A4, etc.
Humidity definitions: f  pV / pg   mV / ma  0.622 pV /( p  pV )
Constant process data: isobaric, isothermal, isentropic, polytropic, etc.

2) Apply mass balance to each individual component of the mixture.

mairin  mairout mH 2Oin  mH 2Oout
3) Apply energy balance to each separate stream of the mixture.

0  Q  W  mairin hairin  mH 2 0in hH 2 0in  mairout hairout  mH 2 0out hH 2 0out

4) Solve equations
 21

Example (12.67): Moist air at 90°F, 1 atm, 60% relative humidity and a
volumetric flow rate of 2000 ft3/min enters a control volume at steady
state and flows along a surface maintained at 40°F through which heat
transfer occurs. Saturated moist air and condensate, each at 54°F, exit the
control volume For the control volume W = KE = PE = 0.
Determine
(a) The rate of heat transfer, in kW
(b) The rate of enthalpy change, in KW/K.

Moist Air at 90°F and 1 atm Q

RH = 60%, (AV)1=2000 ft3/min Saturated air at 54°F

m1  ma1  mv1
1 2 m2  ma 2  mv 2
3

Condensate at 54°F
m3  mv 3
 22

Example (12.67): Set property states: Q

State 1: T1=90 °F, p1 = 1 atm , m1  ma1  mv1 m2  ma 2  mv 2
1 2
RH = 60%, (AV)1=2000 ft3/min
3
Using f  pV m3  mv 3
pg
pV  f pg from Table A2E: pg at 90 F = 0.6988 psi
pV 1  0.60(0.6988 psi )  0.4193 psi  0.0285atm
then
1  0.622 pV 1 /( p1  pV 1 )  0.622(0.0285) /(1  0.0285)  0.01825
mv1 mv1  0.01825ma1
1  
ma1
State 2: saturated air at T2= 54 °F
for saturated air: pv = pg From Table A2E: pg at 54 F = 0.2064 psi = 0.01404 atm
2  0.622 pV 2 /( p2  pV 2 )  0.622(0.0140) /(1  0.0140)  0.00883
mv 2
2   mv 2  0.00883ma 2
ma 2
State 3: condensate at T3=54 °F refers to saturated fluid at 54 deg. F.
 23

Example (12.67): Set property states: Q

State 1: T1=90 °F, p1 = 1 atm , m1  ma1  mv1 m2  ma 2  mv 2
1 2
RH = 60%, (AV)1=2000 ft3/min
3
air: water: m3  mv 3
T1  Ta1  90 F T1  TV 1  90 F
pa1  p1  pv1  0.9715atm pV 1  0.0285atm
mv1  0.01825ma1
ha1  131.46 Btu / lbm hv1  hg1  1100.7 Btu / lbm
(from Table A22E) (from Table A2E)
c p _ a1  0.240 Btu / lbm  R mv 2  0.00883ma 2
State 2:
air: water:
T2  Ta 2  54 F T2  TV 2  54 F
pa 2  p2  pv 2  0.9866atm pV 2  0.01404atm
h  122.83Btu / lb hv 2  hg 2  1085.1Btu / lbm
a2 m
(from Table A22E) (from Table A2E)
c p _ a 2  0.240 Btu / lbm  R

State 3: T3  54 F
hv 3  h f 3  22.07 Btu / lbm (from Table A2E)
 24

Example (12.67): Determine Q

(a) The rate of heat transfer, in kW m1  ma1  mv1 m2  ma 2  mv 2
(b) The rate of enthalpy change, in KW/K. 1 2
Use ideal gas law to establish mass flow rate 3
m3  mv 3
pV  p ( AV)  mRT
For air in: (ideal gas)
2
pa1 V (0.9715atm)(2000 ft 3 / min) 14.7lb f / in 144in 2 Btu
ma1  
RaT1 (0.06855Btu / lbm  R)(550 R ) 1atm 1 ft 2 778lb f  ft
 140.2lbm / min
For water vapor in:
mv1  0.01825ma1  2.5585lbm / min

Air Mass Balance:

ma1  ma 2  ma 2  ma1  140.2lbm / min

For water/vapor out:

mv 2  0.00883ma 2  0.00883(140.2)  1.238lbm / min
 25

Example (12.67): Determine Q

(a) The rate of heat transfer, in kW m1  ma1  mv1 m2  ma 2  mv 2
(b) The rate of enthalpy change, in KW/K. 1 2
3
Set up Mass balances: m3  mv 3
For air: ma  ma1  ma 2  140.2lbm / min

For water/vapor: mv1  mv 2  mv 3

mv 3  mv1  mv 2  2.559  1.238  1.321 lbm / min
Set up Energy balance:

0  QCV  W  m1h1  m2 h2  m3h3

0  QCV   ma1ha1  ma 2 ha 2    mv1hv1  mv 2 hv 2  mv 3hv 3 
QCV  ma (ha 2  ha1 )  mv 2 hv 2  mv 3hv 3  mv1hv1
QCV  140.2(122.83  131.46)  1.238(1085.1)  1.321(22.07)  2.559(1100.7)
 2654 Btu / min
 26

end of slides for lecture 39