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Section 17
Weldability Of Steels
Weldability of Steels
Weldability simply means the ability to be
welded and many types of weldable steel have
been developed for a wide range of applications.
Composition of material
Joint design, size & configuration
Welding Process used
Properties required from the weld
Weldability of Steels
The weldability of steel is mainly dependant on carbon &
other alloying elements content.
• Restraint
Restraint may be a local restriction, or through
plates being welded to each other
• Susceptible microstructure
The microstructure may be made susceptible to
cracking by the process of welding
Cracks
Hydrogen Induced Cold Cracking
HICC
Cold Cracking = Cracks occur when the weld has cooled down
HAZ cracking = Cracks occur mainly in the HAZ
Delayed Cracking = Cracks may occur some time after welding has
finished (possibly upto 72 hrs)
Hydrogen Induced Cold Cracking
May occur: Also known as:
up to 72 hrs after completion Cold Cracking, happens when
the welds cool down.
In weld metal, HAZ, parent
metal. HAZ cracking, normally occurs
in the HAZ.
At weld toes
Delayed cracking, as it takes
Under weld beads time for the hydrogen to
migrate, up to 72,
At stress raisers.
Under-bead cracking, normally
happens in the HAZ under a
weld bead
Factors for HICC
Factors to control
Hydrogen Level/ content
Yield stress
Temperature
Microstructure / Hardness
Hydrogen Induced Cold Cracking
Solidification Cracking
Solidification Cracking
Lamellar Tearing
Lamellar Tearing
Critical area Critical area
Critical
area
Lamellar Tearing
Crack type: Lamellar tearing
Location: Below weld HAZ
Steel types: High sulphur & phosphorous steels
Microstructure: Lamination & Segregation
Occurs when:
High contractional strains are through the short
transverse direction. There is a high sulfur content in
the base metal.
There is low through thickness ductility in the base
metal.
There is high restraint on the work
Lamellar Tearing
Factors for lamellar tearing to occur
Cracks only occur in the rolled plate !
Close to or just outside the HAZ !
Cracks lay parallel to the plate surface and the fusion
boundary of the weld and has a stepped aspect.
• Low quality parent materials, high levels of impurities
• Joint design, direction of stress
• The amount of stress acting across the joint during
welding
• Note: very susceptible joints may form lamellar tearing
under very low levels of stress
Lamellar Tearing
Susceptible joint types combined with susceptible rolled plate
used to make a joint.
Susceptible Non-Susceptible
Through
Thickness
Ductility
Restraint
Lamellar tear
High contractional
strains
Weld Decay
Weld decay is a form of intergranular corrosion, that
occurs as the result of sensitization in the heat-affected
zone during the welding operation. The corrosive attack is
restricted to the heat affected zone (HAZ).
Affected materials
Certain types of Stainless steel