WATER DEMAND

MANAGEMENT
REPORTERS:
• CADORNIGARA, JOSEF GILBURT
• CARO, JEYNARD
• FARAON, KING ELGIE
• HERNAN, SHANIEL DEE
• NERA, MARK JASON
• PACLIBAR, RALF LAWRENCE
• VILLOLA, SHAIRA MAE
 CONCEPT
WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT INVOLVES THE
ADOPTION OF POLICIES OR INVESTMENT BY A
WATER UTILITY TO ACHIEVE EFFICIENT WATER USE
BY ALL MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY.

MEETING THE INCREASING DEMAND FROM

EXISTING RESOURCES IS SELF-EVIDENTLY AN UPHILL
STRUGGLE, PARTICULARLY IN WATER STRESSED OR
WATER SCARCE REGIONS, IN THE DEVELOPED AND
DEVELOPING WORLD ALIKE.
 POTENTIAL STRESSES ON WATER DEMAND

AGRICULTURE AND WATER

PLANTS REQUIRE WATER FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
GROWTH, AND REPRODUCTION. THE WATER USED BY
PLANTS IS NONRECOVERABLE, BECAUSE SOME WATER
BECOMES A PART OF THE CHEMICAL MAKEUP OF THE
PLANT AND THE REMAINDER IS RELEASED INTO THE
ATMOSPHERE. IRRIGATION REQUIRES A SIGNIFICANT
EXPENDITURE OF FOSSIL ENERGY BOTH FOR PUMPING
AND FOR DELIVERING WATER TO CROPS.
 POTENTIAL STRESSES ON WATER DEMAND

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND WATER

THE PRODUCTION OF ANIMAL PROTEIN REQUIRES
SIGNIFICANTLY MORE WATER THAN THE PRODUCTION
OF PLANT PROTEIN.
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE EXPECTED TO FEEL THE
IMPACTS OF THIS FOOD CRISIS TO A GREATER EXTENT
AS DEMANDS APPROACH THOSE OF DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES AND POPULATIONS CONTINUE TO RISE.
 POTENTIAL STRESSES ON WATER DEMAND

INDUSTRY AND WATER

THE INDUSTRIES THAT PRODUCE METALS, WOOD AND
PAPER PRODUCTS, CHEMICALS, GASOLINE AND OILS,
AND THOSE INVALUABLE GRABBER UTENSILS YOU USE
TO GET YOUR RING OUT OF THE GARBAGE DISPOSAL
ARE MAJOR USERS OF WATER.
SOME INDUSTRIES THAT USE LARGE AMOUNTS OF
WATER PRODUCE SUCH COMMODITIES AS FOOD,
PAPER, CHEMICALS, REFINED PETROLEUM, OR PRIMARY
METALS.
 POTENTIAL STRESSES ON WATER DEMAND

WATER POLLUTION AND HUMAN

DISEASES
CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE OVERALL AVAILABILITY
OF WATER RESOURCES IS THE PROBLEM OF WATER
POLLUTION AND HUMAN DISEASES.
THE PROBLEM OF INADEQUATE SANITATION IS ACUTE IN
MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, WHICH DISCHARGE AN
ESTIMATED 95% OF THEIR UNTREATED URBAN SEWAGE
DIRECTLY INTO SURFACE WATERS.
 WATER
IN THE UNITED STATES THE POPULATION GROWTH IS
CONSUMPTION ONE OF THE HIGHEST IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
AROUND THE WORLD AND THE AVERAGE AMERICAN USES OVER 420 LITRES
PER DAY. THIS IS ONE OF THE HIGHEST IN THE WORLD,
AND WITH DIMINISHING SUPPLIES THIS HAS FORCED THE
GOVERNMENT TO INCREASE PRICES AND CHANGE ITS
APPROACH TO WATER SUPPLY. BY 2050 14 STATES WILL
FACE AN EXTREME RISK TO WATER SUSTAINABILITY AS
AMERICA DEMAND WILL EXCEED SUPPLY. BY 2050 OVER 1,100
COUNTIES WILL FACE A HIGH RISK OF WATER SHORTAGE
DUE TO GLOBAL WARMING.
 WATER
CONSUMPTION THE UK HAS NOW BECOME THE SIXTH LARGEST
IMPORTER OF WATER IN THE WORLD AND ONLY 38% OF
AROUND THE WORLD ITS WATER COMES FROM ITS OWN RESOURCES. IT IS
NOW DEPENDENT ON THE WATER SYSTEMS OF OTHER
COUNTRIES TO SUPPLY THE REST, SOME OF WHICH ARE
ALREADY FACING SERIOUS WATER SHORTAGES. THE
AMOUNT OF WATER USED PER DAY IN THE UK HAS BEEN
STEADILY INCREASING BY 1% PER YEAR SINCE 1930 AND
EUROPE THE AVERAGE PERSON NOW USES 150 LITRES A
DAY. THIS GROWTH IN CONSUMPTION IS NOT
SUSTAINABLE AND THE UK NOW HAS LESS AVAILABLE
WATER PER PERSON THAN MANY COUNTRIES IN EUROPE.
 WATER AFRICA IS A CONTINENT THAT IS HEAVILY DIVIDED WITH
CONSUMPTION SOME AREAS RECEIVING ENOUGH WATER AND OTHERS
AROUND THE WORLD EXPERIENCING CONSTANT DROUGHTS WHICH CAN
LAST UP TO FIVE YEARS. ACCESS TO WATER IS A BIGGER
PROBLEM IN AFRICA THAN ANYWHERE ELSE ON THE
PLANET. OUT OF THE 25 NATIONS WITH THE GREATEST
PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE WHO DO NOT HAVE ACCESS
TO SAFE DRINKING WATER, 19 OF THEM ARE IN
AFRICA. THIS MEANS THAT THREE OUT OF EVERY FOUR
AFRICA AFRICAN PEOPLE RELY ON GROUND WATER THAT IS NOT
VERY CLEAN. AFRICA ALSO LACKS THE RESOURCES AND
FINANCES TO EFFECTIVELY MANAGE AND DISTRIBUTE ITS
WATER AND ONLY 4% OF THE AVAILABLE WATER IS USED
EACH YEAR.
 WATER
CONSUMPTION
AROUND THE WORLD AUSTRALIA IS THE DRIEST POPULATED CONTINENT IN THE
WORLD AND YET THE AVERAGE WATER CONSUMPTION
LEVEL IS AMONG THE HIGHEST. 70% OF THE CONTINENT
IS CLASSIFIED AS DESERT OR SEMI-DESERT WHICH MEANS
IT HAS LITTLE OR NO ANNUAL RAINFALL. THIS MAKES THE
EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE WATER SUPPLY FOR
AUSTRALIA AGRICULTURAL, DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL USE EVEN
MORE IMPORTANT THAN IN MANY OTHER COUNTRIES.
 WATER
CONSUMPTION WATER MANAGEMENT IS ALSO A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN
ASIA WHERE THERE ARE A NUMBER OF PROBLEMS
AROUND THE WORLD WHICH COMPOUND THE ISSUE INCLUDING FLOODS,
INCREASED SALINIZATION AND A LOSS OF FRESH WATER
RESERVES DUE TO AGRICULTURE. POLLUTION FROM
SEWAGE AND INDUSTRY IS ANOTHER SERIOUS PROBLEM
WHICH HAS SEVERELY DAMAGED THE WATER SUPPLY. AS
A RESULT PATHOGENS NOW EXIST IN LAKES AND RIVERS
ASIA WHICH HAVE DANGEROUS EFFECTS ON THE HEALTH OF
LOCAL PEOPLE. THE POPULATION GROWTH IS ALSO A
MAJOR FACTOR WHICH IS PUTTING PRESSURE ON THE
ENTIRE INFRASTRUCTURE.
2003
 THE DEMAND MANAGEMENT APPROACH
AN EFFECTIVE STRATEGY NECESSARY TO INCREASE AVAILABLE WATER SUPPLY IS WATER DEMAND
MANAGEMENT (WDM), WHICH INVOLVES WATER CONSERVATION, AND INCREASED WATER USE
EFFICIENCY.

1. REDUCING THE QUANTITY OR QUALITY OF WATER REQUIRED TO ACCOMPLISH A SPECIFIC

TASK;
2. ADJUSTING THE NATURE OF THE TASK SO IT CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED WITH LESS WATER OR
LOWER QUALITY WATER;
3. REDUCING LOSSES IN MOVEMENT FROM SOURCE THROUGH USE TO DISPOSAL;
4. SHIFTING TIME OF USE TO OFF-PEAK PERIODS; AND
5. INCREASING THE ABILITY OF THE SYSTEM TO OPERATE DURING DROUGHTS.
 WATER DEMAND AND WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT
A DEMAND MANAGEMENT PLAN MAY INVOLVE A WIDE RANGE OF DEMAND MANAGEMENT
MEASURES INCLUDING:
a) COST-REFLECTIVE PRICING;
b) UNIVERSAL CUSTOMER METERING;
c) RETICULATION LEAKAGE DETECTION AND REPAIR PROGRAMS AND PRESSURE REDUCTION;
d) A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY, INCLUDING A COMMUNITY EDUCATION CAMPAIGN;
e) CUSTOMER ADVISORY SERVICES, THE USE OF INCENTIVES FOR INSTALLATION AND/OR
RETROFITTING OF WATER EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT;
 WATER DEMAND AND WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT
A DEMAND MANAGEMENT PLAN MAY INVOLVE A WIDE RANGE OF DEMAND MANAGEMENT
MEASURES INCLUDING:
f) REGULATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF WATER USING APPLIANCES, ESPECIALLY IN NEW
BUILDINGS;
g) USE OF RECLAIMED WATER (E.G. WASTE WATER/GREY WATER) TO REDUCE THE NEED FOR
FRESH WATER SUPPLIES;
h) WATER USE RESTRICTIONS, EITHER ON A TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT BASIS.
 WATER DEMAND AND WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT

WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IS CONCERNED WITH THE CONTROL OF POLLUTION

FROM HUMAN ACTIVITY SO THAT WATER IS NOT DEGRADED TO THE POINT THAT IT IS NO
LONGER SUITABLE FOR INTENDED USES.
 WATER
TREATMENT
PROCESS (SAMPLE)
HANAHAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT

• WATER SOURCES
• RAPID MIXING
• FLOCCULATION
• SEDIMENTATION
• FILTRATION
• DISINFECTION
• DISTRIBUTION