Sampling and

Sampling
Distribution
 Basic Concepts:
Sampling: The method of collecting the
data is known as sampling.
Universe or Population:- it means an
aggregate of items about which we obtain
information. The entire field under
investigation about which knowledge is
sought.
Sample:-A part of universe or population
is known as sample.
Census Method :-
It is that method in which information or
data is collected from each and every unit
of the population relating to the problem
under investigation and conclusions are
drawn on their basis. This method is also
called as Complete Enumeration Method.
Merits :
• Reliable and Accurate Data
• Extensive Information
• Suitability
Demerits :-
• More Expensive
• More Labour
• More Time
• Not Suitable for specific Problems
 Sampling Method:
It is that method in which data is collected
from the sample of items selected from
population and conclusions are drawn from
them.
Stages:-
• To Select a sample.
• To collect information from it.
• To make inferences regarding the population.
Merits:-
• Saving of Time & Money
• Intensive Study
• More Reliable Results
• Suitability

Demerits:-
• Less Accurate
• Wrong Conclusions
• Less Reliable as compared to census method
Difference B/w Census and Sample
Method:-
Basis of Difference:-

• Scope
• Cost
• Field of Investigation
• Homogeneity
• Type of Universe
 Sampling Methods:
1. Probability Sampling Methods:- These are
such methods of selecting a sample from
the population in which all units of the
universe are given equal chances of being
included in the sample.
2. Non-Probability Sampling Methods:- It is
the method in which selection of units is
made on the basis of convenience or
judgment of the investigator. Selection of
units is made in accordance with the
specific objectives.
 Probability Sampling Methods:-
a). Simple Random Sampling
Merits:-
• Free from personal bias
• Every unit get equal chance
• Saves time, money and labour.
Demerits:-
• Sample is not adequately represented
• If universe is small, method is not suitable
• Not Suitable everywhere like diverse
features.
b). Stratified Random Sampling:-
Merits:-
• More Representation of the units.
• Comparative study of different strata
• More accurate

Demerits:-
• Limited Scope
• Possibility of personal biasness
• If universe is small, difficult to stratify.
c). Systematic Random Sampling:-
Merits:-
• Simple Method
• Less time and More accurate

Demerits:-
• Each unit does not get equal chance.
• Not suitable if units are different in
characteristics
d). Multistage Random Sampling:-
Merits:-
• Suitable for study of regional basis.
• Suitable where decisions on the basis of
sample alone cannot be taken.

Demerits:-
• More time and labour consuming.
• Level of accuracy is predicided which does
not seem logical
e). Cluster Sampling:-
Universe is divided into many groups and
out of which a few clusters are selected on
random basis and then clusters are
completely enumerated.
Merits:-
• Suitable for industries like pharmaceutical

Demerits:-
• Limited scope
 Non-Probability Sampling Methods:-
a). Judgement Sampling
Merits:-
• Less Expensive
• Simple & Easy
• Homogeneous units
Demerits:-
• Personal Biasness
• Less reliable & accurate
b). Quota Sampling:-
Merits:-
• Greater chance of important units being
included.
• Statistical inquiry is more organized.

Demerits:-
• Possibility of prejudice
• More likelyhood of sampling error.
c). Convenience Sampling
Merits:-
• Less Expensive
• Very Simple

Demerits:-
• Unscientific
• Unreliable
d). Extensive Sampling

Merits:-
• High level of accuracy
• Free from personal biasness

Demerits:-
• Involve heavy resources in terms of cost,
time and labour.
 Sampling &
Non-Sampling Errors
Sampling Errors:-
It arises due to the method of sampling.
Reasons:-
• Faulty method of sampling
• Substituting of the samples
• Faulty demarcation of sampling units.
• Variability of population which has
different characteristics.
Non-Sampling Errors
These errors creep in due to human factors which
always varies from one investigator to another.
These errors arise due to:
• Faulty Planning.
• Faulty selection of the sample units.
• Lack of trained and experienced staff.
• Negligence & non-response.
• Errors in compilation.
• Errors due to wrong statistical measures.
• Framing of wrong questionnaire.
• Incomplete investigation.
 Sampling
Distribution
 Basic Concepts:
The purpose of selecting and studying a sample from the
population is to estimate or make inference about some
population characteristics.

a). Parameters:Any statistical measure computed from

population data.
Population Mean :- µ
Population Standard Deviation :-
Population Variance
Population proportion:- P
b). Statistics:- Any statistical measure computed from
sample data is known as statistic.
Sample Mean :-
Sample Standard Deviation :- s
Sample Variance :- s2
Sample proportion:- p
c). Sampling with and without replacement:- It is a
procedure of selecting a sample from the population.
Sampling may be done with or without replacement.
Sampling where each unit of a population may be
chosen more than once is called sampling with
replacement. If each unit cannot be chosen more than
once, it is called sampling without replacement.
Thank-You